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Medical Transcription > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bronchiectasis

A

long-term condition where airways of lungs become widen; leads to buildup of excess mucus that make them more vulnerable to infection. Symptoms; persistent cough with sputum and shortness of breath

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2
Q

hypopnea

A

common symptom of sleep related breathing disorder. 10 seconds or more of shallow breathing in which airflow dips by 30%+

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3
Q

orthopnea

A

shortness of breath that occurs while lying flat and is relieved by sitting or standing. Often due to heart not being able to pump out all the blood sent from lungs.

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4
Q

CT pulmonary angiogram

A

CT scan that looks for blood clots in the lungs/pulmonary embolism.

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5
Q

PND paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position

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6
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

group of lung diseases caused by inhalation of certain dusts. Main cause is work-place exposure; black lung (coal dust) and brown lung (Cotton, fibres)

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7
Q

phlegm / sputum

A

a specific mucus that originates in the lungs and throat; thicker than mucus from nose and sinuses.

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8
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

Pressure in vessels from heart to lungs is too high and vessels become thick/swollen/damaged; slows flow. SOB, chest pressure, hypoxia/cyanosis, dizziness, fatigue

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9
Q

sarcoidosis

A

occurs in lungs and lymph nodes - granulomas grow as an immune response. Persistent cough, wheezing, SOB, chest pain - can cause lung scarring or pulmonary hypertension

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10
Q

emphysema

A

lung disease resulting from damage to alveoli walls- a blockage may occur and trap air inside the lungs - barrel-chested appearance. SOB, cough, wheezing, sputum

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11
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid b/t parietal and visceral pleura. Can result from infection/inflammation. Causes chest pain, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, orthopnea

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12
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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13
Q

pneumonitis

A

inflammation of the walls of alveoli in the lungs, often due to virus. May feel similar to flu; fever, chills, aches, headache, cough

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14
Q

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Fluid leaks into lungs and fills up alveoli and surfactant breaks down. O2 cannot get into body. May follow/accompany serious diseases; pulmonary embolism, sepsis, shock lung.

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15
Q

anthracosis

A

coal dust accumulation in the lungs

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16
Q

asbestosis

A

asbestos inhaled irritates and inflames the lung tissue

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17
Q

asthma

A

recurrent attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing due to spasms in the bronchi

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18
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the lung parenchyma (fxnal tissue) due to obstruction from secretions, fluids, or other

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19
Q

bronchiolitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchi

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20
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

A

chronic obstruction of airflow into the lungs

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21
Q

cor pulmonale

A

hypertrophy of the right ventricle of heart; usually due to chronic condition of airflow obstruction

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22
Q

coryza

A

common head cold; condition causing profure discharge from nose

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23
Q

croup

A

infection in upper airway in children marked by obstruction, barking cough, hoarseness, persistent stridor.

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24
Q

diptheria

A

highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of mucous membrs, formation of false membrane in throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and fatal heart and nerve damage by blood toxins. Now rare due to immunizations.

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25
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

inherited disease via defective gene; thick mucus clogs organs; damages lungs, digestive tract, other organs. Affects cells producing mucus, sweat, digestive juices.

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26
Q

empyema

A

pus in the pleural space; most often due to pneumonia by bacterial infection

27
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

28
Q

hemothorax

A

collection of blood in chest cavity - b/t chest wall and lung; often due to injury.

29
Q

hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress syndrome RDS)

A

severe impairment of respiratory function in a newborn; lungs are deficient in surfactant

30
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

31
Q

lung cancer

A

malignant tumor in the lung; reported to be responsible for most cancer-related deaths worldwide

32
Q

mesothelioma

A

rare malignant tumor arising in pleura; associated with asbestos exposure

33
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough; very contagious, only found in humans. Bacteria clings to cilia lining upper respiratory system

34
Q

pleural effusion / hydrothorax

A

presence of noninflammatory fluid accumulated in the pleural space; most common due to cardiac failure

35
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

36
Q

pneumonoconiosis

A

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs with chronic inflammation, infection, bronchitis

37
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung but in the chest; due to ruptured alveolus or bronchus

38
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

collection of pus in the lungs

39
Q

pulmonary edema

A

abnormal fluid accumulation in air sacs and bronchioles; often cardiogenic

40
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungsh

41
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose; may be acute (common cold) or allergic (hay fever)

42
Q

sleep apnea

A

intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep

43
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small undifferentiated “oat cell” carcinoma

44
Q

TB tuberculosis

A

chronic bacterial infection by inhaling droplets in the air by someone infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

45
Q

Eventration of the diaphragm

A

thinning of a portion or all of the diaphragm where the muscles are replaced by fibroelastic tissue.

46
Q

atelectasis

A

lungs collapse partially or completely. Mild cases show no symptoms. Can be due to obstruction or pressure from outside; tumors, clots, infection, mucus buildup, - lung injuries, pleural effusion, pneumonia, surfactanct def

47
Q

Complicated pneumoconiosis / progressive massive fibrosis PMF

A

Damage in lungs from inflammation/irritation causes loss of blood vessels and air sacs in and leads to scarring.

48
Q

reactive airway diseases RADS

A

sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms with unknown etiology, often following exposure to corrosive gas, vapor, or fumes

49
Q

eustachian tube dysfunction

A

tubes that connect the middle ears to upper throat become blocked. Discomfort, hearing difficulties, fullness in ear. Often caused by allergies.

50
Q

hemoptysis

A

a bloody cough from the airways/lungs

51
Q

hypoxia

A

Oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts in tissues to maintain homeostasis; can be via poor delivery or low blood or low oxygen content in blood (hypoxemia).

52
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

forced expiration against a closed glottis and pinched nose; mimics many normal routine activities, such as straining against defecation, blowing a balloon, or playing a trumpet. Can lower heart rate.

53
Q

tracheomalacia

A

collapse of the airway when breathing; when exhaling, the trachea narrows or collapses so it may feel hard to breathe; may lead to vibrating noise/cough.

54
Q

Silastic

A

a flexible inert silicone rubber, used in prosthetic medicine

55
Q

septation

A

dividing or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum.

56
Q

pyelonephritis

A

bacterial infection causing inflammation in the kidneys, often as complication of ascending UTI which spreads from bladder. Chills, fever, pain in back/side/groin, nausea, vomiting

57
Q

pyelogram / excretory urogram

A

x-ray exam of the urinary tract

58
Q

pneumaturia

A

gas in the bladder that passes with urine. Can be a symptom of a serious condition. Often due to fistula, diverticular disease, or catheter issue.

59
Q

pDet = Detrusor pressure

A

pressure generated by the bladder muscle; assessment of bladder function during pressure flow studies

60
Q

orchiectomy

A

surgical procedure to remove one or both testes. Performed as treatment of testicular cancer, for trans woman, manage prostate cancer, or remove damaged testes.

61
Q

nephrolithiasis / renal calculi

A

kidney stones. Typically form in the kidney and leave the body via the urethra without pain, larger stones are painful and may need surgical int. Main factor is not enough fluids.

62
Q

nephrectomy

A

surgical removal of a kidney. Done to treat kidney cancer as well as other diseases/injury. Done to remove from donor for transplantation.

63
Q

microhematuria

A

blood in the urine that can only be seen under a microscope. Often discovered during routine exam. Usually caused by UTI, kidney stones, kidney disease, blood thinners, trauma. May indicate cancer.

64
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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