Respiratory Flashcards
bronchiectasis
long-term condition where airways of lungs become widen; leads to buildup of excess mucus that make them more vulnerable to infection. Symptoms; persistent cough with sputum and shortness of breath
hypopnea
common symptom of sleep related breathing disorder. 10 seconds or more of shallow breathing in which airflow dips by 30%+
orthopnea
shortness of breath that occurs while lying flat and is relieved by sitting or standing. Often due to heart not being able to pump out all the blood sent from lungs.
CT pulmonary angiogram
CT scan that looks for blood clots in the lungs/pulmonary embolism.
PND paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position
pneumoconiosis
group of lung diseases caused by inhalation of certain dusts. Main cause is work-place exposure; black lung (coal dust) and brown lung (Cotton, fibres)
phlegm / sputum
a specific mucus that originates in the lungs and throat; thicker than mucus from nose and sinuses.
pulmonary hypertension
Pressure in vessels from heart to lungs is too high and vessels become thick/swollen/damaged; slows flow. SOB, chest pressure, hypoxia/cyanosis, dizziness, fatigue
sarcoidosis
occurs in lungs and lymph nodes - granulomas grow as an immune response. Persistent cough, wheezing, SOB, chest pain - can cause lung scarring or pulmonary hypertension
emphysema
lung disease resulting from damage to alveoli walls- a blockage may occur and trap air inside the lungs - barrel-chested appearance. SOB, cough, wheezing, sputum
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid b/t parietal and visceral pleura. Can result from infection/inflammation. Causes chest pain, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, orthopnea
dyspnea
shortness of breath
pneumonitis
inflammation of the walls of alveoli in the lungs, often due to virus. May feel similar to flu; fever, chills, aches, headache, cough
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
Fluid leaks into lungs and fills up alveoli and surfactant breaks down. O2 cannot get into body. May follow/accompany serious diseases; pulmonary embolism, sepsis, shock lung.
anthracosis
coal dust accumulation in the lungs
asbestosis
asbestos inhaled irritates and inflames the lung tissue
asthma
recurrent attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing due to spasms in the bronchi
atelectasis
collapse of the lung parenchyma (fxnal tissue) due to obstruction from secretions, fluids, or other
bronchiolitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchi
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD
chronic obstruction of airflow into the lungs
cor pulmonale
hypertrophy of the right ventricle of heart; usually due to chronic condition of airflow obstruction
coryza
common head cold; condition causing profure discharge from nose
croup
infection in upper airway in children marked by obstruction, barking cough, hoarseness, persistent stridor.
diptheria
highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of mucous membrs, formation of false membrane in throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and fatal heart and nerve damage by blood toxins. Now rare due to immunizations.
cystic fibrosis
inherited disease via defective gene; thick mucus clogs organs; damages lungs, digestive tract, other organs. Affects cells producing mucus, sweat, digestive juices.
empyema
pus in the pleural space; most often due to pneumonia by bacterial infection
epistaxis
nosebleed
hemothorax
collection of blood in chest cavity - b/t chest wall and lung; often due to injury.
hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress syndrome RDS)
severe impairment of respiratory function in a newborn; lungs are deficient in surfactant
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
lung cancer
malignant tumor in the lung; reported to be responsible for most cancer-related deaths worldwide
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor arising in pleura; associated with asbestos exposure
pertussis
whooping cough; very contagious, only found in humans. Bacteria clings to cilia lining upper respiratory system
pleural effusion / hydrothorax
presence of noninflammatory fluid accumulated in the pleural space; most common due to cardiac failure
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pneumonoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs with chronic inflammation, infection, bronchitis
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung but in the chest; due to ruptured alveolus or bronchus
pulmonary abscess
collection of pus in the lungs
pulmonary edema
abnormal fluid accumulation in air sacs and bronchioles; often cardiogenic
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungsh
rhinitis
inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose; may be acute (common cold) or allergic (hay fever)
sleep apnea
intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep
small cell carcinoma
highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small undifferentiated “oat cell” carcinoma
TB tuberculosis
chronic bacterial infection by inhaling droplets in the air by someone infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Eventration of the diaphragm
thinning of a portion or all of the diaphragm where the muscles are replaced by fibroelastic tissue.
atelectasis
lungs collapse partially or completely. Mild cases show no symptoms. Can be due to obstruction or pressure from outside; tumors, clots, infection, mucus buildup, - lung injuries, pleural effusion, pneumonia, surfactanct def
Complicated pneumoconiosis / progressive massive fibrosis PMF
Damage in lungs from inflammation/irritation causes loss of blood vessels and air sacs in and leads to scarring.
reactive airway diseases RADS
sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms with unknown etiology, often following exposure to corrosive gas, vapor, or fumes
eustachian tube dysfunction
tubes that connect the middle ears to upper throat become blocked. Discomfort, hearing difficulties, fullness in ear. Often caused by allergies.
hemoptysis
a bloody cough from the airways/lungs
hypoxia
Oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts in tissues to maintain homeostasis; can be via poor delivery or low blood or low oxygen content in blood (hypoxemia).
Valsalva maneuver
forced expiration against a closed glottis and pinched nose; mimics many normal routine activities, such as straining against defecation, blowing a balloon, or playing a trumpet. Can lower heart rate.
tracheomalacia
collapse of the airway when breathing; when exhaling, the trachea narrows or collapses so it may feel hard to breathe; may lead to vibrating noise/cough.
Silastic
a flexible inert silicone rubber, used in prosthetic medicine
septation
dividing or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum.
pyelonephritis
bacterial infection causing inflammation in the kidneys, often as complication of ascending UTI which spreads from bladder. Chills, fever, pain in back/side/groin, nausea, vomiting
pyelogram / excretory urogram
x-ray exam of the urinary tract
pneumaturia
gas in the bladder that passes with urine. Can be a symptom of a serious condition. Often due to fistula, diverticular disease, or catheter issue.
pDet = Detrusor pressure
pressure generated by the bladder muscle; assessment of bladder function during pressure flow studies
orchiectomy
surgical procedure to remove one or both testes. Performed as treatment of testicular cancer, for trans woman, manage prostate cancer, or remove damaged testes.
nephrolithiasis / renal calculi
kidney stones. Typically form in the kidney and leave the body via the urethra without pain, larger stones are painful and may need surgical int. Main factor is not enough fluids.
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney. Done to treat kidney cancer as well as other diseases/injury. Done to remove from donor for transplantation.
microhematuria
blood in the urine that can only be seen under a microscope. Often discovered during routine exam. Usually caused by UTI, kidney stones, kidney disease, blood thinners, trauma. May indicate cancer.
