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Medical Transcription > Labs / Analysis > Flashcards

Labs / Analysis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ABI (ankle-brachial index)

A

ratio of blood pressure in lower legs compared to blood pressure in the arms

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2
Q

AChR Ab / anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody

A

blood test used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis; highly accurate; 90%+

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3
Q

anion gap blood test

A

measures the difference b/t the negatiely charged and positive electrolytes in the blood. If high = too acidic if low, = not acidic enough

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4
Q

ankle-brachial index ABI

A

blood pressure in ankle and brachial artery are compared. Low ABI indicates peripheral artery disease in lower extremity.

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5
Q

anti-MuSK antibody

A

blood test to diagnose myasthenia gravis; antibodies to muscle-specific kinase

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6
Q

anti-striated muscle antibody / anti-SM Ab

A

blood test for diagnosing myasthenia gravis

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7
Q

anticholinesterase (Tensilon) test

A

medication administered via IV; muscle testing then performed; may also use placebo to verify. Diagnoses myasthenia gravis

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8
Q

arterial and venous mapping

A

ultrasound tracing of blood flow in arteries or veins; assess viability for use in bypass or check flow through vessel

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9
Q

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A

measurement of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen pressures are obtained from a sample of arterial blood; aids in determination of acid-base balance, oxygen, and cO2 levels in arterial blood

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10
Q

ASA score

A

physical diagnostic evaluation to determine patient’s overall fitness for surgery; I-V, higher is less fit for surgery

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11
Q

before and after (B/A) bronchodilator

A

breathing test given before and after use of bronchodilator causing dilation of bronchi to check the effect on airflow

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12
Q

BiPAP/CPAP bi-level positive airway pressure/continuous positive airway pressure

A

masks used to treat sleep apnea. BiPAP have 2 levels, CPAP has one

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13
Q

BPH / Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Finger is inserted into rectum to check if prostate is enlarged. Also a urine test. Prostate gland enlarged and may cause problems with urination;

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14
Q

brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

A

tests electrical activity in the ear

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15
Q

broncheoalveolar lavage BAL

A

bronchoscopic procedure where liquid is squirted through a scope then collected for analysis under microscope after procedure

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16
Q

brushings and washings

A

bronchoscopic procedure (BAL) but also using brushed to gather tissue samples for microscope analysis

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17
Q

C-reactive protein CRP

A

blood test looking for elevated protein in blood; indicates inflammation. More accurate in predicting heart disease than cholesterol testing.

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18
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

long flexible thin tube (catheter) is placed in a blood vessel (usually arm, groin, neck) and is threaded to the heart. Dye injected and following on imaging to find narrows/blocks. Also to show valve functions.

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19
Q

cardiac enzymes / cardiac injury panel

A

blood tests to assess heart muscle damage “Cardiac biomarkers”; CK creatine kinase, CPK creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, troponin I, troponin T

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20
Q

coagulation studies

A

Measure clotting time; INR international normalized ratio, PT prothrombin time, PTT partial prothrombin time

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21
Q

carotid ultrasound/carotid Doppler

A

ultrasound procedure utilizing sound waves to look at the flow in the carotid arteries; used as a diagnostic tool in stroke or prestroke patients

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22
Q

cerebral angiogram

A

radiologic procedure using special dye to image the vessels in and around the brain

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23
Q

Chem-7 / basic metabolic panel

A

Measures the BUN (blood urea nitrogen), carbon dioxide, creatinine, glucose, serum chloride, serum potassium, and serum sodium. Can help advise if you are well enough for surgery

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24
Q

chest x-ray PA/lateral

A

full view of the lungs and heart from back and side

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25
Q

complete spirometry

A

measurement of the breathing capacity of the lungs

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26
Q

CSF analysis (cereprospinal fluid)

A

microscopic study done to evaluate CSF components for conditions; hazy or yellow fluid, bacteria cultures, cell counts,, chemicals, foriegn bodies, glucose, microorganisms, pressure, protein, wbc and rbc, viruses.

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27
Q

cystatin-C

A

blood test that measures kidney function but is very accurate predictor of heart disease. Measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of kidneys.

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28
Q

cystometry / cystomegtrogram

A

part of urodynamic testing (UDS) measure how well the bladder fxns. Help diagnose problems with incontinence, etc.

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29
Q

D-dimer

A

blood test to look for D-dimer; protein fragment from the breakdown of a blood clot. Clots generally slowly break after they are formed. Elevated levels can be signs of disorder.

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30
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

Dye is injected into vein in arm; x-ray takes a series of pictures of the chest or head/neck and a computer images the results. Lets Dr assess blockages/severity/location.

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31
Q

echocardiogram

A

noninvasive procedure using a high-frequency ultrasound to create real-time imaging of the heart

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32
Q

ejection fraction EF

A

assesses the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle. Healthy is 60% to 75%, systolic heart failure = 20% to 40%, diastolic HF = normal ranges

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33
Q

electroencephalogram EEG

A

EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small flat metal discs (electrodes) attach to scalp with wires. Brain cells communicate via electrical impulses, activity an EEG detects. An altered pattern can indicate conditions such as epilepsy.

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34
Q

electrolytes ( lytes, BMP, CMP )

A

blood panel checking mineral levels for renal failure, diabetes, etc. Focus on glucose, potassium, sodium

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35
Q

electron beam computerized tomography EBCT or ultrafast CT

A

noninvasive imaging; detects calcium in fatty deposits that are constricting or partially blocking the coronary vasculature.

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36
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

establishing an airway with the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth to the pharynx, larynx into trachea

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37
Q

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

blood test can be elevated in patient’s with pulmonary fibrosis conditions and/or inflammatory lung conditions

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38
Q

FAST / focused assessment with sonography for trauma

A

bedside ultrasound exam to evaluate internal organs and structures before trauma surgery

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39
Q

fibreoptic bronchoscpy

A

procedure using flexible light-transmitting plastic fibers to visualize the bronchi

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40
Q

flow cytometry

A

laser-based technology used for cell counting, biomarker detetion, and protein engineering; (properties of single cell); used to detect antibody / reactions in CSF analysis

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41
Q

flow volume study

A

test used to determine obstruction in airflow to the lungs by breathing into a tube until expiration has been completed

42
Q

frozen section analysis

A

specimen from surgery is analyzed with rapid microscopic analysis to look for abnormalities/malignant cells

43
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A

neurological scale used to assess the consciousness of a patient measuring eye, verbal, and motor responses; the lower the scale total number, the more brain injury present

44
Q

HIDA scan (hepatobilliary iminodiacetic acid)

A

imaging procedure used to diagnose problems of liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. Radioactive tracer is injeted into a vein in the arm.

45
Q

homocysteine

A

accurate blood test for atherosclerosis; measures amount of amino acid homocystein in the blood.

46
Q

hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein

A

blood test that fings lower levels of CRP; measures general inflammation in the body. Can be used to find the risk of heart disease and stroke.

47
Q

I and D / incision and drainage

A

surgical puncture of abscess or fluid-filled space w/ release of pressure or fluid followed by drainage; testing for infection

48
Q

IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing

A

respiratory therapy treatment to help ventilate the lungs

49
Q

laminogram / tomogram

A

x ray of selected layer of the body made by body section roentgenography to examine lung fields

50
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

Esterase produced by leukocytes. A urine test for the presence of white blood cells and other abnormalities associated with infection. White blood cells in the urine can indicate a UTI

51
Q

lipid studies

A

Blood tests monitoring cholesterol/fats in blood; HDL high-density lipoprotein (good), LDL (bad), total cholesterol, total triglycerides

52
Q

magnetic resonance angiogram MRA

A

noninvasive; MRI to detect narrowing or blocking in the heart; dye usually injected into bloodstream prior.

53
Q

Mantoux test

A

test for tuberculosis

54
Q

multi-gated acquisition scan MUGA

A

nuclear medicine scan evaluation fxn of right and left ventricles

55
Q

myelogram

A

using a contrast dye and Xrays or XT to look for problems in the spinal canal

56
Q

nerve conduction velocity (NCV):

A

electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system diseases

57
Q

NIHSS (NIH Stroke Scale)

A

a physical exam scale that quantifies the severity of stroke based on observable physical findings

58
Q

nuclear stress test

A

stress test with EKG tracing; trace amounts of radioactive material are injected into the bloodstream and followed with imaging through coronary circulation to detect areas of decreased flow; THALLIUM and SESTAMIBI (carduilite) as radioactive agents

59
Q

optical coherence tomography (OCT)

A

noninvasive imaging tool looking at retinal structures; used as a diagnostic study for MS (multiple sclerosis)

60
Q

peak flow monitoring

A

measures rate of air flow through the airways

61
Q

PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure

A

ventilator setting to maintain airway pressure above normal atmos PSI to stabilize respiration

62
Q

BNP/pro-BNP (b-type-natriuretic peptide)

A

blood tests to diagnose the presence or absence of congestive heart failure CHF

63
Q

phospholipids

A

10 biomarkers said to be predictive of Alzheimer dementia

64
Q

plethysmography

A

used to define area of vein blockage; series of BP cuffs are inflated along the limb and reduced pressure at a cuff indicates block distal to point.

65
Q

pulse oximetry/pulse ox

A

external sensor/monitor (often on finger) that monitors saturation of O2 in patient
‘s blood

66
Q

polysomnography (PSG)

A

recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle movements, respiration, EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders

67
Q

Protime / Prothrombin time test and INR

A

prothrombin is a protein made by the liver; a clotting factor. Test measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample. an INR (international normalized ratio) is a calculation based on PT results

68
Q

pulmonary function test PFT

A

office or lab test; evaluate how much 02 the patient
breathes and determines lung volume, gas exchange, and flow rates

69
Q

pulse oximetry

A

noninvasive method to measure arterial blood gasd

70
Q

radioisotope perfusion and ventilation lung scan; ventilation - perfusion (V/Q) scan

A

techniques for diagnosing pulmonary embolism and demonstrating perfusion defects in normally ventilated areas of the lung

71
Q

radionuclide imaging (thallium 201 scintigraphy, technetium 99m ventriculography, multiple-gated acquisition scan MUGA )

A

injective radionuclides into the bloodstream; computer generated pictures find them in target organ and show blood supply and muscle function, or can diagnose a damaged part.

72
Q

RIDT Rapid influenza diagnositc test

A

nasal swab used to rapidly diagnose influenza A/B

73
Q

Romberg test

A

physical exam test used to test proprioception (ability to control limbs without looking at them) and for ataxia (lack of muscle coordination)

74
Q

serum protein electrophoresis

A

blood test looking at normal and abnormal proteins in the blood; used as a predictor for heart disease

75
Q

Sestamibi scan “MIBI”

A

nuclear test measures amount of blood being supplied to the heart at rest and then at chemical/physical stress.

76
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Taking a series of pictures after injecting a radioactive tracer; computer graphics are then used to create images of slices of the organ

77
Q

somatosensory evoked response (SSER)

A

detects problems with the spinal cord

78
Q

SPECT brain scan (single photon emission computed tomography)

A

scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes

79
Q

sputum C&S (culture and sensitivity)

A

microscopic procedure testing for fungi or bacteria in sputum; growth is tested for sensitivity to antibiotics

80
Q

sputum culture and sensitivity

A

test requiring patient to cough up sputum from the lungs for lab analysis; sample is incubated to test for presence/ID microorganisms

81
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery SRS

A

robotic device delivering radiation to specific areas; no cuts made on body; CyberKnife is one type for brain surgery.

82
Q

stress test

A

noninvasive procedure; records an EKG tracing while the patient’s system is stressed by either activity or medication

83
Q

sweat test/chloride test

A

skin test to measure the amount of chloride in droplets of sweat; diagnoses cystic fibrosis

84
Q

TIMI coronary grade flow (pronounced Timmy) / Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction

A

effective well-studied grading of coronary reperfusion on an angiogram. Higher score = higher risk of ischemia. grade 1-7

85
Q

TIMI grade / thrombolysis in myocardial infarction

A

risk score is a tool used to predict the chances of having or dying from a heart event for people with unstable angina or myocardial infarctions; The higher the score, the greater risk of a heart event.

86
Q

tine test/Heaf test

A

multiple puncture skin test to diagnose tuberculosis

87
Q

TNF-a / tumor necrosis factor-alpha

A

a blood test used to assess pathophysiology of infectious, immune, and inflammatory disorders. TNF is a regulator of inflammatory responses.

88
Q

transcranial sonogram

A

image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels

89
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram TEE

A

transducer attached to a flexible tube is guided through the esophagus to perform an internal echocardiogram w/out surgery. Creates a more detailed image of the heart.

90
Q

trough valproic acid level

A

measures therapeutic efficacy- an efficient range of valproic acid in the trough is between 50-100 mmol/L. Used for treating mood swings and seizures.

91
Q

tuberculin skin tests

A

applying agents to the skin (Heaf and tine tests) or by intradermal injection (Mantoux) to detect TB

92
Q

type and crossmatch/cross

A

blood test performed to determine type of blood patient has in case there is need for transfusion

93
Q

urine chorionic gonadotrophic /uCG

A

similar to hCG; tests for possibility of pregnancy before surgery

94
Q

ventilation perfusion V/Q scan

A

radioisotope nuclear scan to assess distribution of blood flow and ventilation through both lungs

95
Q

ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan)

A

lung scanning procedure using small amounts of radioactive material to study airflow and perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs. Can help assess pulmonary embolism.

96
Q

visual evoked response (VER)

A

tests problems with the optic nerves

97
Q

SMA-6

A

serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

98
Q

osmolality test

A

aka serum osmolality; checks dissolved balance of chemicals in blood. Can test for ingestion of poison such as antifreeze or rubbing alcohol.

99
Q

Gram stain

A

test checking/identifying bacteria at site of suspected infection such as throat, lungs, genitals, skin.

100
Q

Myoview (stress test)

A

injected prior to end of exercise and pictures are taken following brief recovery. Compare amounts of blood traveling to heart during stress and at rest.

101
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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