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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Surgery of Young Sheep & Cattle > Flashcards

Surgery of Young Sheep & Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

what local block is used for removing horns

A

cornual block

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2
Q

how is a cornual block done

A

Grove between lateral canthus of eye and base of horn

If large horns, some local around horn base too

18g, 1-1.5” needle with fan action

2-10ml/side then wait 10 mins

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3
Q

how do you check if cornual block worked

A

droopy eyelids

prick skin

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4
Q

what analgesia can be used for removing horns

A

meloxicam is licenced for de-horning

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5
Q

which method of dehorning should you use

A
  1. thumb nail (not attched to frontal bone)
  2. whoe thumb (dehorn)

Method used depends on age/size of horn

Need to be able to find bud (variable age)

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6
Q

what age is chemical disbudding done

A

Only if <1 week old

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7
Q

how does chemical disbudding work

A

Burns horn

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8
Q

how is chemical disbudding done

A

Hold in corner of pen or calf crush

Clip around bud and apply paste to horn bud

Wear gloves

Remove calf from cow 1 hour

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9
Q

is a local block required for disbudding

A

no legal requirement

but should there be?

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10
Q

how is disbudding done using a hot iron

A

Restrain in calf crush (or hold if small)

Give plenty time for iron to get hot

Aim for horn, pressure, circular motion, then gouge horn out

Heat will cauterize blood vessels

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11
Q

how is dehorning done when horns are up to thumb size

A

de horn cups

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12
Q

how is dehorning done when horns are up to bigger than thumb size

A

dehorn guillotine or wire

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13
Q

how is dehorning done

A

Get as close to base as possible

Close cups/guillotine and twist

Normal to expose sinuse

Hemostasis — hot iron or clamp (tease, twist and pull)

Note: cocktail stick and cobwebs

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14
Q

what should be done post dehorning surgery

A

Topical antibiotic

Oxytet ‘blue’ spray

Clean, dust free environment

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15
Q

what can go wrong during de horning

A

Hemorrhage (check before leave farm)

Re-growth (especially chemical)

Infection (flies in summer)

Sinusitis

Stress —> pneumonia

skull

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16
Q

what is the preferred method of <2 months

A

disbudding

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17
Q

what is the preferred method of >2 months

A

should not be routine procedure

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18
Q

when should anesthetic be used in dehorning

A

>1 week always

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19
Q

how are goats different to dehorn than cattle

A
  1. Wide terminal centre, prone to re-growth
    * Younger the better and use wide, hot iron
  2. Two separate cornual branches
  • A = standard block
  • B = between medial canthus of eye and base of horn on medial side
  1. Don’t cope with stress
    * GA (deep sedation) watch oxygen and fire!
  2. Thin frontal bone and no frontal sinus
    * Hot iron 3-4 secs at a time max
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20
Q

what are the options for castration

A
  1. rubber ring
  2. surgical
  3. bloodless
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21
Q

how is rubber ring castration done

A

calf standing or lying in lateral

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22
Q

what is the main issue with castration using a rubber ring

A

main issue = freshly calved cow!

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23
Q

is their a requirement for local for rubber ring castration

A

no if <1 week old

24
Q

when is anesthesia required for surgical and bloodless castration

A

required if >2 months

25
Q

how is anesthesia administered for surgical and bloodless castration

A

local infitration into spermatic cord 10ml each side

+/- intra testicular

+/- epidural

26
Q

how is castration done using a burdizzo

A

bloodless

thumb and finger to hold cord lateral to one side

2 crushes each side

do not overlap

repeat

27
Q

what are the ages burdizzo can be used

A

<2 months

28
Q

is there a legal requirement for anesthesia for burdizzo

A

no legal requirement for anesthesia

29
Q

how is surgical castration done

A

Skin incision ventrally (one or two)

Incise vaginal tunic (may have cut with skin incision)

Make a window

Break attachment of vaginal tunic at ventral aspect

Release attachment of tunic

Twist and pull

30
Q

what are options for castration of bulls >2 months

A
  1. emasculator
  2. crushing and ligation (like dog)
31
Q

how is castration done with an emasculator

A

similar to surgical initially

nut to nut

32
Q

what is done post castration surgery

A

+/- antibiotics (topical or systemic)

Monitor for bleeding, clean pen

3 weeks before completely infertile

33
Q

what can go wrong in surgical castration

A

Infection of surgical site

Clostridial disease (tetanus — vaccination)

Hemorrhage

Incomplete castration (burdizzo, rubber ring only)

Necrosis of scrotum (burdizzo)

34
Q

what are the 3 methods of castration and the rules

A
  1. Rubber ring or other device which can only be used in the first seven days of life, by a trained and competent stock-keeper to restrict the flow of blood to the scrotum
  2. Bloodless castration by a trained and competent stock keeper by crushing the spermatic cords of calves less than 2 months of age, with a burdizzo
  3. Surgical castration by a veterinary surgeon using an anesthetic
35
Q

what are the indications for umbilical surgery

A
  1. umbilical hernia
  2. omphalitis
  3. omphalophlebitis
  4. omphaloarteritis
  5. abscess
36
Q

how do you prep for umbilical surgery

A

Deep sedation or general anesthesia

  • Xylazine/ketamine

High dose epidural (10ml/100kg) or lumbosacral epidural

NSAID and antibiotics

Clip and surgical prep

+/- local infiltration around surgical site

Initial elliptical incision around the umbilicus (avoid prepuce in males)

37
Q

how do you perform umbilical hernia surgery with an infection

A

Enter peritoneum cranial to umbilical stalk at hernial ring edge

Digital exploration of internal structures

Any adhesions?

  • Break them down

Any remnants?

  • Extend incision to include entire hernial sac
  • Tie off above any infection

Removal of hernial sack (contains umbilicus) and internal structures

38
Q

how is hernia surgery done with no infection

A

May not need to enter the peritoneum

Dissect sac away (above level of peritoneum)

Invert the sac into the abdomen

Debride the muscle layers

But no visualization of internal structures

Perceived reduced risk of peritonitis

Only suitable for small hernias with no infection

39
Q

how do you close for umbilical hernia with or without an infection

A

Muscle

  • Long lasting absorbable suture (PDS or vicryl)
  • OR
  • Non-absorbable (nylon)
  • Tension relieving, interrupted sutures (horizontal mattress, simple continuous)
  • Pre-place sutures
  • Prosthetic material rarely required

Appose sub-cut tissue and skin separately to finish

40
Q

how is a urethostomy done

A

Standing (epidural and sedation)

Low or high sites

Incise over sigmoid flexure, blunt dissect out penis

ID calculi, cut over and remove

Catheter to check for more

Stitch up (stricture)

41
Q

what are alternative surgeries to urethostomy to treat urolithiasis

A

can transect penis and stich to skin

tube cystotomy (temp)

42
Q

how is a urolithiasis performed in tups

A

Exteriorize penis

Cut off urethral appendage

Only successful if obstruction at this level

Can attempt urethrostomy, but often blockage more proximal

Alternative = tube cystotomy

43
Q

how do you prevent urolithiasis

A

Long term survival rates poor

Feed less concentrate/more fibre

Encourage water intake

Acidify urine with ammonium chloride

44
Q

when does spastic paresis present usually

A

present 1d - 3 years

45
Q

what does spastic paresis look like

A

Spastic contraction

Gastrocnemius muscle (others)

Limb caudal, hock and stifle hyperextend, toe touching

Unilateral/bilateral

46
Q

what is spastic paresis surgery

A

Partial tibial neurectomy — most success if gastrocnemius muscle only (epidural)

Tenotomy/tenectomy

47
Q

how is entropion

A

lower lid (bilateral)

congenital and hereditary in sheep

leads to ulceration

48
Q

how is entropion treated

A

Manual eversion, penicillin injection eyelid, clips

Could consider surgery

49
Q

what is atresia ani

A

Absence of anus

No meconium and/or swollen abdomen

50
Q

how is atresia ani treated

A

Epidural

Bring back and front legs together

Look for bulge of feces where anus should be

Incise over bulge if present

If no bulge look for anal scar, incise and explore abdomen for blind ending rectum

Suture rectum to incision, open rectum then secure

Prognosis guarded

51
Q

what are the causes of rectal prolapse

A

Cocci, chronic diarrhea, urinary straining

52
Q

how are rectal prolapses treated

A

Epidural

Assess viability of tissue

Replace rectum with lube

Buhner suture

Leave enough space for feces

Liquid paraffin

Can resect if tissue non-viable

53
Q

how is a ruminal trocar performed

A

Chronic bloat

ID landmarks

Local (2-3ml)

Skin incision

Stab trocar through muscle (remove cap)

Twist trocar into rumen

Secure

Remove inner stylet slowly

Manage wound and diet

? Block up to see if bloat returns

54
Q

when is a rumenotomy performed

A

chronic bloat

55
Q

when is a tracheotomy performed

A

chronic laryngeal chondritis

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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