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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Surgery of Young Sheep & Cattle > Flashcards

Surgery of Young Sheep & Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

what local block is used for removing horns

A

cornual block

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2
Q

how is a cornual block done

A

Grove between lateral canthus of eye and base of horn

If large horns, some local around horn base too

18g, 1-1.5” needle with fan action

2-10ml/side then wait 10 mins

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3
Q

how do you check if cornual block worked

A

droopy eyelids

prick skin

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4
Q

what analgesia can be used for removing horns

A

meloxicam is licenced for de-horning

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5
Q

which method of dehorning should you use

A
  1. thumb nail (not attched to frontal bone)
  2. whoe thumb (dehorn)

Method used depends on age/size of horn

Need to be able to find bud (variable age)

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6
Q

what age is chemical disbudding done

A

Only if <1 week old

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7
Q

how does chemical disbudding work

A

Burns horn

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8
Q

how is chemical disbudding done

A

Hold in corner of pen or calf crush

Clip around bud and apply paste to horn bud

Wear gloves

Remove calf from cow 1 hour

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9
Q

is a local block required for disbudding

A

no legal requirement

but should there be?

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10
Q

how is disbudding done using a hot iron

A

Restrain in calf crush (or hold if small)

Give plenty time for iron to get hot

Aim for horn, pressure, circular motion, then gouge horn out

Heat will cauterize blood vessels

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11
Q

how is dehorning done when horns are up to thumb size

A

de horn cups

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12
Q

how is dehorning done when horns are up to bigger than thumb size

A

dehorn guillotine or wire

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13
Q

how is dehorning done

A

Get as close to base as possible

Close cups/guillotine and twist

Normal to expose sinuse

Hemostasis — hot iron or clamp (tease, twist and pull)

Note: cocktail stick and cobwebs

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14
Q

what should be done post dehorning surgery

A

Topical antibiotic

Oxytet ‘blue’ spray

Clean, dust free environment

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15
Q

what can go wrong during de horning

A

Hemorrhage (check before leave farm)

Re-growth (especially chemical)

Infection (flies in summer)

Sinusitis

Stress —> pneumonia

skull

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16
Q

what is the preferred method of <2 months

A

disbudding

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17
Q

what is the preferred method of >2 months

A

should not be routine procedure

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18
Q

when should anesthetic be used in dehorning

A

>1 week always

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19
Q

how are goats different to dehorn than cattle

A
  1. Wide terminal centre, prone to re-growth
    * Younger the better and use wide, hot iron
  2. Two separate cornual branches
  • A = standard block
  • B = between medial canthus of eye and base of horn on medial side
  1. Don’t cope with stress
    * GA (deep sedation) watch oxygen and fire!
  2. Thin frontal bone and no frontal sinus
    * Hot iron 3-4 secs at a time max
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20
Q

what are the options for castration

A
  1. rubber ring
  2. surgical
  3. bloodless
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21
Q

how is rubber ring castration done

A

calf standing or lying in lateral

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22
Q

what is the main issue with castration using a rubber ring

A

main issue = freshly calved cow!

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23
Q

is their a requirement for local for rubber ring castration

A

no if <1 week old

24
Q

when is anesthesia required for surgical and bloodless castration

A

required if >2 months

25
how is anesthesia administered for surgical and bloodless castration
local infitration into spermatic cord 10ml each side +/- intra testicular +/- epidural
26
how is castration done using a burdizzo
bloodless thumb and finger to hold cord lateral to one side 2 crushes each side do not overlap repeat
27
what are the ages burdizzo can be used
\<2 months
28
is there a legal requirement for anesthesia for burdizzo
no legal requirement for anesthesia
29
how is surgical castration done
Skin incision ventrally (one or two) Incise vaginal tunic (may have cut with skin incision) Make a window Break attachment of vaginal tunic at ventral aspect Release attachment of tunic Twist and pull
30
what are options for castration of bulls \>2 months
1. emasculator 2. crushing and ligation (like dog)
31
how is castration done with an emasculator
similar to surgical initially nut to nut
32
what is done post castration surgery
+/- antibiotics (topical or systemic) Monitor for bleeding, clean pen 3 weeks before completely infertile
33
what can go wrong in surgical castration
Infection of surgical site Clostridial disease (tetanus — vaccination) Hemorrhage Incomplete castration (burdizzo, rubber ring only) Necrosis of scrotum (burdizzo)
34
what are the 3 methods of castration and the rules
1. Rubber ring or other device which can only be used in the first seven days of life, by a trained and competent stock-keeper to restrict the flow of blood to the scrotum 2. Bloodless castration by a trained and competent stock keeper by crushing the spermatic cords of calves less than 2 months of age, with a burdizzo 3. Surgical castration by a veterinary surgeon using an anesthetic
35
what are the indications for umbilical surgery
1. umbilical hernia 2. omphalitis 2. omphalophlebitis 3. omphaloarteritis 4. abscess
36
how do you prep for umbilical surgery
Deep sedation or general anesthesia * Xylazine/ketamine High dose epidural (10ml/100kg) or lumbosacral epidural NSAID and antibiotics Clip and surgical prep +/- local infiltration around surgical site Initial elliptical incision around the umbilicus (avoid prepuce in males)
37
how do you perform umbilical hernia surgery with an infection
Enter peritoneum cranial to umbilical stalk at hernial ring edge Digital exploration of internal structures Any adhesions? * Break them down Any remnants? * Extend incision to include entire hernial sac * Tie off above any infection Removal of hernial sack (contains umbilicus) and internal structures
38
how is hernia surgery done with no infection
May not need to enter the peritoneum Dissect sac away (above level of peritoneum) Invert the sac into the abdomen Debride the muscle layers But no visualization of internal structures Perceived reduced risk of peritonitis Only suitable for small hernias with no infection
39
how do you close for umbilical hernia with or without an infection
Muscle * Long lasting absorbable suture (PDS or vicryl) * OR * Non-absorbable (nylon) * Tension relieving, interrupted sutures (horizontal mattress, simple continuous) * Pre-place sutures * Prosthetic material rarely required Appose sub-cut tissue and skin separately to finish
40
how is a urethostomy done
Standing (epidural and sedation) Low or high sites Incise over sigmoid flexure, blunt dissect out penis ID calculi, cut over and remove Catheter to check for more Stitch up (stricture)
41
what are alternative surgeries to urethostomy to treat urolithiasis
can transect penis and stich to skin tube cystotomy (temp)
42
how is a urolithiasis performed in tups
Exteriorize penis Cut off urethral appendage Only successful if obstruction at this level Can attempt urethrostomy, but often blockage more proximal Alternative = tube cystotomy
43
how do you prevent urolithiasis
Long term survival rates poor Feed less concentrate/more fibre Encourage water intake Acidify urine with ammonium chloride
44
when does spastic paresis present usually
present 1d - 3 years
45
what does spastic paresis look like
Spastic contraction Gastrocnemius muscle (others) Limb caudal, hock and stifle hyperextend, toe touching Unilateral/bilateral
46
what is spastic paresis surgery
Partial tibial neurectomy — most success if gastrocnemius muscle only (epidural) Tenotomy/tenectomy
47
how is entropion
lower lid (bilateral) congenital and hereditary in sheep leads to ulceration
48
how is entropion treated
Manual eversion, penicillin injection eyelid, clips Could consider surgery
49
what is atresia ani
Absence of anus No meconium and/or swollen abdomen
50
how is atresia ani treated
Epidural Bring back and front legs together Look for bulge of feces where anus should be Incise over bulge if present If no bulge look for anal scar, incise and explore abdomen for blind ending rectum Suture rectum to incision, open rectum then secure Prognosis guarded
51
what are the causes of rectal prolapse
Cocci, chronic diarrhea, urinary straining
52
how are rectal prolapses treated
Epidural Assess viability of tissue Replace rectum with lube Buhner suture Leave enough space for feces Liquid paraffin Can resect if tissue non-viable
53
how is a ruminal trocar performed
Chronic bloat ID landmarks Local (2-3ml) Skin incision Stab trocar through muscle (remove cap) Twist trocar into rumen Secure Remove inner stylet slowly Manage wound and diet ? Block up to see if bloat returns
54
when is a rumenotomy performed
chronic bloat
55
when is a tracheotomy performed
chronic laryngeal chondritis

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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