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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Pre-Partum Conditions & Normal Calving > Flashcards

Pre-Partum Conditions & Normal Calving Flashcards

1
Q

what are the risk factors for vaginal prolapse

A

Breed (Hereford)

Fat

BCS (fat)

Lax sacrotuberous ligaments/vulva

Previous perineal trauma (estrogenic pastures)

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2
Q

is vaginal prolapse repeatable

A

yes

cull

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3
Q

is vaginal prolapse more common in cattle or sheep

A

sheep with multiple fetuses

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4
Q

when are vaginal prolapses seen

A

last trimester

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5
Q

what grading system is used for vaginal prolapse

A

Grade 1: Intermittent only when cow lying down, vaginal tissue fine

Grade 2: Continuous prolapse, urinary bladder might be trapped

Grade 3: Continuous prolapse, urinary bladder trapped, tissue starts to be compromised

Grade 4: As above but include cervix, tissue infected, necrotic and sepsis/peritonitis possible

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6
Q

how do you fix a vaginal prolapse

A

caudal epidural

assess viability of tissue

clean and lubrication

replace (watch fingers – perforation risk)

buhner’s stich with uterine tape

2-3 fingers wide to pass urine

easy knot to undue

NSAID + broad spectrum antibiotics

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7
Q

how is a caudal epidural done

A

Manipulate tail — junction between last stationary vertebrae and first moving (sacrococcygeal space S5-C1)

Or first coccygeal space (C1-C2)

Clip and surgical scrub site

18g x 1.5 inch needle (pink) for adult cow

Insert needle 90 degree to skin

Hanging drop OR should inject with no resistance

1ml/100kg (increasing dose means nerve affected more cranial —> down animal)

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8
Q

what is the hanging drop

A
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9
Q

what are local anesthetics licensed in farm animals

A
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10
Q

what is a hydrops (hydrallantois/hydramnios)

A

Increased production/accumulation fluid

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11
Q

what is hydrallantois and when is it commonly seen

A

allantoic sac (outside)

associated with placental disase

3rd trimester, acute

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12
Q

what is the appearance of hydrallantois

A

Distended abdomen +/- systemic signs, down, prepubic tendon rupture

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13
Q

what would be felt on rectal with a hydrallantois

A

Rectal — no placentomes, uterus everywhere (US — need normal cow)

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14
Q

what is the treatment for hydrallantois

A

Elective C-section or induce

Steroids but if immunosuppressed might not be the best idea

PGF 2 alpha but can be unpredictable depending if progesterone is being produced by placenta

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15
Q

what is the prognosis of hydrallantois

A

poor

cull as can recur

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16
Q

what is hydramnois

A

amnionic sac

fetus often dead, chronic

feel placentomes

no reason to cull cow

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17
Q

describe the fetal membranes and which are affected in hydrops

A
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18
Q

what is early embryonic death

A

0-17 days

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19
Q

what is late embryonic death

A

17-42 days

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20
Q

what is abortion/fetal death

A

42-270 days

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21
Q

what is still born

A

born dead after 270 days of gestation

22
Q

what is neonatal death

A

born alive

death 0-2 days after calving

23
Q

what is perinatal mortality

A

death 270 days to 2 days post calving

24
Q

what should you do with bovine abortions

A

report all to APHA

25
Q

when can milk fever occur

A

pre or post calving

26
Q

describe the 1st stage of labour

A

0-24 hours

dilation of cervix

progesterone block is absent and uterus sensitive to factors that increase rate and strength of contractions

some behavioural changes: discomfort, tail head raises and swishing tail, increased mucus discharge etc

27
Q

describe the 2nd stage of labour

A

delivery

30min-4 hours

begins with entrance of membranes and fetus into pelvic canal and ends with completed birth

there is a rupture of allanto-chorion (water bag)

amniotic sac appears at the vulva and ruptures at this stage

powerful reflex and voluntary contractions of abdominal muscle and diaphragm (straining)

occasionally the amniotic sac may not rupture (asphyxiation)

calf should be born within 1.5 hours of water bag appearing

28
Q

describe the 3rd stage of labour

A

expulsion of fetal membranes

occurs within 2-3 hours after birth of the calf

considered retained if after 12 hours they have not been shed

29
Q

what are history questions to ask when getting a call about calving

A

How long has she been calving? (long time — twist dead)

Has she been straining? (No —twist, calf too big)

What stage is she at (clock starts properly when the feet are out, needs more time, left too long)

When was she due? (overdue, big calf, not due — abortion)

Any problems in the past? (individual — twins, c-section, herd — big calves)

Age of cow (heifer — too small)

Sire

Any traction applied? (if no great, if yes and no progress —> C-section)

Is the calf dead or alive (dead — less rush, c section less likely)

Is this an embryo or high value animal ($$$ c section likely)

What is the demeanour of the cow (poorly — underlying issue)

30
Q

what are indicators of issues in calving

A

Before feet there — cow actively straining should be 30 mins

After feet there — should be some sort of progress every 20 mins, if not, why?

Excessive bleeding

Bad smell

Tail up nothing more (twist) (no progress to 1st to 2nd stage)

Placenta before calf

Experienced farmer already had a go

31
Q

what questions should you ask yourself when examining a calving

A

Is she calving? Is the cervix open or closed?

Closed = feel closed cervix/calf through uterine wall

Half open = ring

Open = don’t feel cervix at all, straight to calf

32
Q

if the cow is calving and the cervix is open feel what you have –> which could be what

A

1 leg

2 legs

3 legs

Tail

Head

Intestine

Placenta

Nothing

Something??

33
Q

how do you tell whether you are feeling a front or back leg

A

front legs = the carpus and fetlock bend in the same direction

back legs = hock and fetlock bend in opposite directions

34
Q

how do you tell whether it is a front or back leg coming out

A

front: dorsal aspect of hoof visible
back: ventral aspect of hoof visible

but calf could be upside down

35
Q

how do you determine if calf is alive or dead

A

pinch toe

gag reflex

eye poke

anal reflex

36
Q

if the calf is dead how to you determine the extent

A

smell

emphysema

disintegration

37
Q

how do you determine if the calf is too big

A

don’t use calving jack

Feet crossing, feet rotating inwards, no progress (water bag delayed)

38
Q

if the calf is going to be able to be delivered vaginally what are good signs

A

Head comes into canal itself and stays there without being pulled

One person plus a push from the down brings calf into pelvis

One person pulls one leg to bring shoulder into canal. Hold it there while other person pulls second leg

Hand passes over head and shoulders when calf in pelvis

Feet 10cm beyond cow

39
Q

describe a flow chart to determine if the calf can be determined vaginally or if a c section is needed

A
40
Q

what is the point of no return

A

shoulders in pelvis but not through the pevlis

41
Q

how do you calve a calf in the normal presentation

A

stretch vulva/cervix (worth the effort, could spend up to 20 mins)

attach ropes to calving aid/pulley (head rope?)

lube

consider rotation

ideally alternate legs until shoulders through pelvis

should progres with reasonable force

42
Q

how do you use the calving jack

A

Leverage downwards from calving jack = force (think about normal calving)

Apply this force when cow contracts (blood supply to calf and pelvis opens)

Ratchet from calving jack = takes up strain (doesn’t do the pulling/force)

Lever/ratch/rest to mimic in and out movement of natural calving

Can lift calving aid up to ease pressure on calf

43
Q

how do you calve a head back malposition

A

Push body back in via brisket

Grasp mandible/head rope/eye hook

Head rope often needed to line up in pelvis (often big calf)

44
Q

how do you calve head only malposition

A

push head back in (swollen)

Note if dead — cut off

Pull legs up and into canal

Cusp bottom of hoof

45
Q

how do you calve head and 1 leg only

A

Don’t be tempted to pull

Treat as head only

Push back

Pull other leg up

often sign too big

46
Q

how do you calve a backwards presentation

A

Warn of worse prognosis for a viable calf

Fully extend legs

Rotate slightly

Traction upwards initially if possible

When hocks visible = calf hips in cow pelvis = point of no return

Horizontal traction

When hips visible, downwards traction (and fast, 1-2 mins)

Hips = widest point, if they come out the rest will follow

47
Q

how do you calve a breach position

A

Push back

Grab hock and pull toward vagina

Cup back foot and extend leg out vagina

Push hock cranial/dorsal while pull foot out (2 arms?)

Repeat for other leg (difficult)

48
Q

how can clenbuterol help you

A

Relaxes uterus (beta 2 agonist)

Gives space for correcting malpresentation (pushing back)

C-section — delays involution, stitching easier

Delays calving

49
Q

how can oxytocin help you

A

Stimulates uterine contractions

Reverses clenbuterol

RFM within first few hours

Post calving hemorrhage

Milk let down

50
Q

what should you check for once you get the calf out

A

twins and tears

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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