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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Calf & Youngstock Rearing > Flashcards

Calf & Youngstock Rearing Flashcards

1
Q

what % of cows and heifers should require calving assistance

A

<2% cows

<5% heifers

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2
Q

how much space should a cow have for calving

A

10-12m^2

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3
Q

how much g of colostrum is needed

A

50g of Ig/litre of colostrum

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4
Q

what are factors that affect quality of colostrum

A

Nutrition

Heifer

Vaccination status of dam

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5
Q

how do you measure the quality of colostrum

A
  1. colostrometer
  2. brix
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6
Q

what is the % indicates good quality colostrum in brix

A

22% good

<20% bad

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7
Q

why does colostrum need to be given quickly

A

Calf gut ‘closes’ within a few hours of birth

Closure accelerates after first feed — not volume dependent

Mucosal protection though persists

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8
Q

how much colostrum should be given calf

A

10-15% body weight in first 4-6 hours

3-4 litres is a good target within a reasonable time period

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9
Q

how should colostrum be given quitely

A

Low stress

Make the job easy

Method:

  • Cow
  • Bottle
  • Tube
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10
Q

why does colostrum need to be given cleanly

A

bacteria can lead to

reduced Ig

reduced absorption

increased levels of disease

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11
Q

what TBC and TCC should be in colostrum

A

TBC <100,000 cfu/ml

TCC <10,000 cfu/ml

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12
Q

what % of calves should have total protein levels >54g/L

A

85% calves should have total protein levels of >54g/L

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13
Q

how much energy does milk replacer and whole milk provide approx

A

1L of calf milk replacer at a concentration of 125g/L –> provides 2.5MJ

1L of whole milk is closer to ~2.8MJ

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14
Q

what is the lower CT of calves

A

<21d 15C

>21d 5C

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15
Q

what is the upper CT of calves

A

25C

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16
Q

what does high level milk feeding cause

A

May cause loose feces NOT scouring and no requirement for treatment

Improves growth rate

Improves innate immune function

Double birth weight at point of weaning

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17
Q

what should the weight be by the point of weaning

A

should be doubled

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18
Q

what helps rumen development

A
  1. concentrates (VFAs)
  2. water
  3. forage
19
Q

what needs to occur for rumen deveopment to occur

A

Muscle development

Blood vessel supply increases

Papillary development

Bacterial ecosystem

20
Q

what is weaning based on

A

Weight

Age

Concentrate intake

Monitor success of weaning

BHBs?

  • Indicator of rumen epithelium maturation and its ability to use VFA production by fermentation of solid feeds by the rumen microflora

Reduce stress

21
Q

what is quality of stockmanship

A

Communication

Number of stock persons

Technical knowledge

Empathy

Motivation

Time

22
Q

what are considerations for good calf housing

A

Moisture

Air

Cleanliness

Temperature

23
Q

what are the factors that influence the stack effect

A
  1. # and size of animals
  2. surface area of building
  3. gradient of roof
24
Q

what is the target for age at first calving

A

22-24 months

25
Q

what % of adult BW should heifers be at breeding

A

65% of adult BW

26
Q

what % of adult BW should heifers be at post-calving

A

85%

27
Q

how much should an holstein fresian heifer weight at 24 months

A

average 480kg (1050 pounds)

28
Q

how much should an holstein fresian heifer be at mature weight

A

550kg average (1200 lb)

29
Q

what should the DLWG be from birth to calving at 24 months for replacement heifers

A

0.6kg (1.3lb)

30
Q

what should the target mortality be for heifers from 3-24 months

A

<1%

31
Q

how do you define the scouring calf problem on a dairy

A

Age affected

Numbers/% affected

Severity

Duration of problem

Patterns (season, groups, signalment, stockperson)

32
Q

what should be the target of calves treated for scours

A

<5%

33
Q

what are the calf scour pathogens and their approx age

A
34
Q

when you arrive to a farm that is having a calf scour problem what should you do for a clinical exam & history

A

Severity, age, appearance of stool, pyrexia, management history

Relevant history of farm:

  • Previous cases/diagnostics, treatment being used, health and vaccination status of herd

Opportunity to examine the farm risk factors

35
Q

how can inadequate milk feed lead to scours

A

Time of day

Method of feeding

Volume

Temperature

Concentration

Mixing

Cleanliness

Poor choice of powder

Ruminal drinking

36
Q

what are two key factors in hygiene

A
  1. build up

reduce the build up of pathogens that is occuring in environment

  1. spread

prevent spread from one animal to another

37
Q

how are scours diagnosed

A

Some patter recognition

Calf side kits:

  • E. Coli, Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium

Microscopy:

  • Cryptosporidium, Cocci

Culture of feces especially Salmonella

Blood/tissue for BVD antigen

Post-mortem

  • Concurrent disease, rumenal drinking, culture

Remember to monitor for passive transfer

No ‘positive results’?

38
Q

what are specific preventative treatments

A

Vaccinations available for:

  • Rota, corona, E.coli
  • Salmonella
  • BVD

Halofuginone:

  • Prophylactic medication for cryptosporidium

Coccidiostats:

  • Can be given as an individual one-off prophylactic or therapeutic drench (toltrazuril or diclazuril) or given as in-feed medication (deccoquinate)

Improve husbandry is an effective preventative for all causes of scours!

39
Q

what is the target % of calves treated for pneumonia

A

<5%

40
Q

what is the cost of pneumoina to a dairy farmer

A

4% reduction in first lactation

8% reduction in 2nd lactation

109 less milking days

2 week delay to first calving

>£1,000

41
Q

how is pneumonia diagnosed

A

Paired serology

Maternal antibodies can interfere with results

Long time for results

Culture (nasopharyngeal swabs, BLA, trans-tracheal)

PCR

Post-mortem

  • Lungs: gross appearance, histology, culture, PCR

Best candidate for diagnostics?

Are all findings significant?

42
Q

what are pneumonia pathogens

A

Mycoplasma

Mannheimia hemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

Histophilus somni

Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

43
Q

what are specific preventative treatments

A

There are vaccines for almost everything although scientific literature is sometimes lacking

So you want to vaccinate for your respiratory problem

44
Q

what are questions to consider when deciding what pneumonia vaccine to admin

A

Is there a perceived respiratory disease problem?

Is there evidence of specific pathogen involved?

Is there a vaccine available?

Are vaccinated animals going to be able to mount an effective immune response?

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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