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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Individual & Flock Approach to Ovine Pneumonia > Flashcards

Individual & Flock Approach to Ovine Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

what are some common reasons adult sheep die

A

Mastitis

Acute fluke

OPA

Pasteurella bronchopneumonia

Chronic pulmonary abscesses

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2
Q

what are common reasons lambs die

A

Gut worms

Coccidiosis

Pulpy kidney

Pasteurella septicemia

Pasteurella pneumonia

Other reasons besides pneumonia that are important in lambs

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3
Q

what should BCS be at mating, mid preg and lambing for lowland ewes

A

mating: 3-3.5

mid preg: 2.5-3.0

lambing: 2.5-3

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4
Q

what should BCS be at mating, mid preg and lambing for hill ewes

A

mating: 2.5-3.0

mid preg: 2.0-2.5

lambing: 2.0-2.5

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5
Q

what are general causes of ill thrift

A

Poor nutrition

Parasitism (fluke or haemonchus in adults)

Chronic respiratory disease

Dental disease (molar & incisors)

On PM look at dentition

Gastrointestinal disease

Lameness

Skin disease

Others (mastitis, CLA, scrapie)

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6
Q

what are common respiratory diseases

A

Chronic suppurative pneumonia (abscessation)

Jaagsiekte (ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma OPA)

Maedi Visna virus

Laryngeal chondritis

Pneumonic pasteurellosis

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA)

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7
Q

what are other respiratory diseases to consider that are less common (6)

A
  1. Atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non-progressive pneumonia
  2. Lungworms: doesn’t generally kill sheep
  3. Estrus ovis (anthelmintic use)
  4. Enzootic nasal tumour
  5. Inhalation pneumonia
  6. Tuberculosis
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8
Q

what are the causes of atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non progressive pneumonia

A

Mycoplasmia ovinpneumonia

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9
Q

is Mycoplasmia ovinpneumonia commensal or not

A

yes

found in normal and diseased lungs

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10
Q

what role does Mycoplasmia ovinpneumonia play in the health of the sheep

A

Most commonly a permissive disease to other diseases!

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11
Q

what is the signalment of atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non-progressive pneumonia

A

Usually 4-7 month old lambs —> more prevalent in housed lambs (orphan)

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12
Q

how does mycoplasma ovinpenumonia invade the lungs and what does it cause

A

Frequently found in nasal cavity, where it moves from ewe to lamb — then invades the bronchi

  • No air exchange
  • Pus
  • Bronchial cuffing with immune cells

Ciliostasis

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13
Q

how does mycoplasma ovinpneumonia lead to infection of other pathogens

A

Ciliostasis

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non-progressive pneumonia

A

Mild

Reduced growth

Remember calf ‘cuffing pneumonia’

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15
Q

how is atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non-progressive pneumonia treated

A

Generally self limiting

Most non-aminoglycoside antibiotics (even broad-spectrum penicillins)

Longer recovery than shipping fever —> a week

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16
Q

how is atypical/chronic pneumonia/chronic non-progressive pneumonia prevented

A

Lower stocking densities

Avoid multiple stress events

Keep healthy sheep

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17
Q

what are the causes of chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

inhalation of bacteria

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Trueperella pyogenes

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18
Q

what does chronic suppurative pnuemonia cause

A

secondary bacterial infection of compromised lung tissue

hematogenous spread from septic focus

secondary to mannheimia hemolytica

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

Weight loss (chronic ill thrift ewes)

Depression (depends on if the infection is walled off)

Tachypnea (compromised lung tissue)

Cough (variable, depends on whether abscess has burst)

Usually normal temperature

Smaller, slower growing lambs

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20
Q

what hematogenous spread from septic focus can lead to chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

Mastitis

Metritis

Chronic lameness

Blood goes from systemic circulation into the lungs and the lungs filter it out

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21
Q

why is chronic suppurative pneumonia difficult to diagnose

A

Auscultation (?)

Difficult to diagnose on clinical exam

Ultrasound may identify pleural abscess

Pleuritis, etc

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22
Q

how is chronic suppurative pneumonia treated

A

Most antibiotics have some effect, however effectiveness will be improved with drugs concentrating in lungs/abscesses and having long persistence

  • Macrolides
  • Penstrep x2 normal dose for 14-21days (long term residues and meat withdrawal)

Most of the time you won’t succeed in treatment (unless its a valuable sheep don’t bother)

23
Q

how is chronic suppurative pneumonia prevented

A

Healthy sheep

Control the things one can and the sheep will be in a better place to control infections Pasteurella vaccination?

24
Q

what is jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus

A

contagious lung tumour

25
Q

what causes jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus

A

retrovirus

jaagsiekte virus

26
Q

what is the incubation period of jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus

A

3-4 year old sheep

27
Q

what are the clinical signs of jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus

A

initial weight loss (appetite maintained) with exercise intolerance

increasingly tachypneic

crackles over lungfield

28
Q

what secondary bacterial infeciton does jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus cause

A

mannheimia hemolytica

29
Q

how is jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary virus diagnosed

A

“Wheelbarrow test” diagnostic — clear frothy fluid from nostrils

No detectable immune response — no serological tests at present (PCR on BAL is a research technique)

US:

  • Sharp demarcation from normal lung tissue
  • Lung that looks like liver is diagnostic
  • Secondary abscesses

Post mortem confirmation of diagnosis

30
Q

how is jaagsiekte treated

A

Cull affected sheep and offspring

31
Q

why is jaagsiekte difficult to control

A

Difficult to control:

Regularly inspect flock for weight loss/signs of respiratory disease

Don’t buy it in (how do you tell?)

32
Q

what is shown here

A

jaagsiekte

Consolidated lung

Heavy, non compressive

Not elastic

Solid if cut into it

Pus from secondary bacterial infection

33
Q

what is maedi

A

ovine progressive pneumonia

Chronic respiratory disease caused by lentivirus (retrovirus) — closely related to caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV)

34
Q

how are sheep infected with maedi

A

Sheep infected as lambs:

Colostrum/milk

35
Q

what is the incubation period of maedi

A

clinical disease rare in animals <3 years old

36
Q

what does maedi cause

A

Lymphocytic infiltration of lungs, udder (flaccid that doesn’t produce much milk), joints, nervous tissue (visna)

If animal is seropositive doesn’t necessarily mean the animal will develop the disease but at risk of spreading it

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of maedi

A

Exercise intolerance

Weight loss

Progressive tachypnea/dyspnea or hyperpnea

Indurative mastitis

Arthritis (USA)

38
Q

how is maedi diagnosed

A

Detection of antibodies to Maedi Visna virus

AGIDT or ELISA

But there is a 6 month diagnostic gap (implications when exporting, importing, quarantine)

39
Q

what is the appearance of the lungs on PM with maedi

A

Firm

Rubbery

Heavy lungs

Do not collapse (often concurrent Pasteurellosis or Jaagsiekte)

Marks of ribs

Concurrent secondary infection —> abscessation, etc

Light pink colour

40
Q

how is maedi controlled/prevented

A

Test & cull seropositive animals and offspring

Artificial rearing of lambs

Purchase replacements from accredited MVV-free flocks

USA have a genetic test for susceptibility to disease

SRUC Premium Health Scheme

41
Q

what might be the caustive agent of the lung pathology

A

post mortem

maedi

42
Q

what is laryngeal chondritis

A

Abscessation of arytenoid cartilage in larynx — non-specific environmental bacteria

43
Q

when is laryngeal chondritis commonly seen

A

Terminal sire tups

Higher prevalence in certain breeds: dished face breeds

Texel

Southdown

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of laryngeal chondritis

A

Progressive

Severe inspiratory dyspnea

Open mouth breathing

Cyanosis

Painful larynx — often die

45
Q

how is laryngeal chondritis treated

A

Early cases — corticosteroid (if in respiratory difficulties) and high dose broad spectrum antibiotic for 3-4 weeks

Macrolides

tracheotomy

46
Q

what is shown here

A

laryngeal chondritis

47
Q

what are other causes of respiratory signs to consider

A

lungworms

nasal bots (oestrus ovis)

pneumonic pasteurellosis

enzootic nasal tumour

inhalation pneumonia

tuberculosis

48
Q

what is ovine lungworm

A

Normally non-pathogenic

Controlled in young lambs with routine GI nematode treatments

Adult sheep seem to develop a degree of immunity

49
Q

what species cause ovine lungworm

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

Muellerius capillaris

Protostrongylus sp

50
Q

what is the PPP of dictyocaulus filaria in sheep

A

5 weeks

51
Q

what is shown here

A

dictyocaulus filiaria

52
Q

what is the lifecycle of Muellerius capillaris & Protostrongylus sp

A

indirect

snails and slugs

53
Q

what is shown here

A

Muellerius capillaris & Protostrongylus sp

lungworm

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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