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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Individual Approach To Bovine Pneumonia > Flashcards

Individual Approach To Bovine Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the estimated cost of bovine pneumonia

A

Cost estimated at £60-80 million in UK

Treatment costs

Deaths

Reduced performance

Opportunity

£30-80/case

£500 cost per case if die

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2
Q

what are major risk periods for bovine resp disease

A

Up to first 24 months of life

  • Especially first 6-9 months

Housed dairy calves

Suckled calves at housing

Following transport/market

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3
Q

how is BRD a multifactorial problem

A
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4
Q

what history questions are important in the individual animal showing signs of resp disease

A

Individual animal or group?

Previous episodes and treatment?

Housed or at grass?

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5
Q

what are the subjective signs of BRD

A

Dull/depressed

Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea)

Increased respiratory rate (hyperpnea)

Ocular discharge

Nasal discharge

Mouth breathing (dyspnea)

Coughing

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6
Q

what are the objective signs of BRD

A

Increased temperature (pyrexia)

Harsh lung sounds/adventitious noise

Noise from URT

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7
Q

what are viral BRD agents

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Parainfluenza virus (PI3)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD)

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8
Q

what are bacterial agents of BRD

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

Histophilus somni

Mycoplasma disbar

Mycoplasma bovis

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9
Q

what are parasitic agents of BRD

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm)

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10
Q

how is diagnosis of BRD made

A

Based on history, clinical signs and recorded level of morbidity and/or one or more of following:

  • Serology: of > 6 cases (paired samples 3 weeks apart)
  • Pathogen culture and/or identification:
    • Nasopharyngeal/ocular swabs
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage
  • Postmortem examination:
    • +/- virus identification
    • +/- bacteriology
    • +/- histopathology
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11
Q

what is bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) most useful for

A

Case selection (early)

Most useful for virus isolation (PI3, RSV) not IBR

Bacteriology limited

Only part of approach

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12
Q

what are the costs of diagnostics

A

Ranges from £17-£100/animal depending on test

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13
Q

what are the classifications of pneumonia

A

Chronic ‘cuffing’ (mycoplasma) pneumonia

Enzootic pneumonia — ‘viral pneumonia’

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (BHV-1)

Pneumonic pasteurellosis — ‘transit fever’

Patristic bronchitis — ‘husk’

Chronic suppurative pneumonia — ‘respiratory cripples’

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14
Q

what is chronic cuffing (mycoplasmal) pneumonia

A

Various (low grade) mycoplasmas:

  • Mycoplasma dispar
  • Mycoplasma bovirhinis
  • Ureaplasma diversum
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15
Q

what does the mild form of chronic cuffing (mycoplasmal) pneumonia cause

A

occasional cough

tachypnea

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16
Q

what does the severe form of chronic cuffing (mycoplasmal) pneumonia cause

A

Frequent cough

Tachypnea (>60 breaths/min)

Hyperpnea

Decreased exercise tolerance

Decreased growth rate

Adventitious sounds over cranioventral lung fields

Pyrexia (<39.5ºC, 103ºF)

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17
Q

what is the morbidity of chronic cuffing pneumonia

A

up to 100%

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18
Q

what is the mortality of chronic cuffing pneumonia

A

rare to get deaths

may resolve in mild cases without treatment

can predispose to secondary bacterial infection

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19
Q

what are the appearance of the lungs in mycoplasma bovis infections

A

small abscesses throughout the lung that have the appearance of scattered rice

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20
Q

what type of pneumonia does mycoplasma bovis cause

A

necrotizing pneumonia

well demarcated foci of caseous necrosis

21
Q

what are the differences in lesions of mycoplasma bovis and mannheimia hemolytica and histophilus somni

A

lesion is more circular and friable than foci of necrosis due to mannheimia hemolytica or histophilus somni

22
Q

which pathogen causes joint lesions

A

mycoplasma bovis in ~50% of calves

The carpus (knee) and stifle are the most commonly affected joints, but any joint can be involved. Calves can be lame in one or more joints.

23
Q

what pathogen would cause these lesions

A

mycoplasma bovis

microabscesses seen

24
Q

how does mycoplasma bovis cause infection

A

For most calves, illness from Mycoplasma starts when the bacteria colonizing the nasal passages multiplies rapidly

Stress – in the form of weaning, long transportation, co-mingling, and adverse weather conditions – increases cortisol in the calf’s bloodstream. This hormone inhibits the immune cells that normally keep bad bacteria confined to the nose

The bacteria move down into the windpipe and larger airways, where they directly damage the ciliated lining of the airways

Inflammation in the lungs leads to necrotic areas (areas of tissue death), and now signs of pneumonia in the animal such as increased respiratory rate, cough, and fever are detectable

25
Q

what pathogen is the likely cause of these lesions

A

mycoplasma bovis

caseous necrotic lesions

26
Q

describe the pathologic changes that mycoplasma bovis causes

A

cranioventral lung consolidation

presence of multiple dry and crumbly foci of caseous necrosis within these affected lungs

histologically characterised by peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia or ‘cuffing’, often accompanied by suppurative bronchiolitis and thickening of the interlobular septa, which are sometimes similar to lesions seen in CBPP

otitis media in calves, as evidenced by ear drooping and headshaking, is an early sign of infection with M bovis, which leads later to pneumonia

27
Q

what are the signs of acute enzootic (viral) pneumonia

A

Dull

Anorexic

Tachypneic (up to 100 breaths/min)

Hyperpneic

Pyrexia (39.5-41.0ºC, 103-106ºF)

Nasal discharge

Frequent coughing

Fluid sounds and crackles over cranioventral lung areas

Progressive ill thrift and weight loss

‘Respiratory cripples’ — chronic suppurative pneumonia

28
Q

what pathogen is lthe likely cause of this lesion

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

causing acute laryngeotracheitis

29
Q

what pathogen causes shipping fever

A

pasteurellosis

30
Q

what is the peak incidence of pasteurellosis

A

sept-dec

in weaned beef calves

31
Q

what pathogens can be involved in pasteurellosis (shipping fever)

A

can be multiple pathogens

Mannheimia hemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

Histophilus somni

32
Q

how is pasteurellosis diagnosed

A

history

clinical signs

+/- BAL

swab

33
Q

what is the pathogenicity of mannheimia hemolytica

A

Initiating agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis

Pneumonia reproduced in experimental studies

Strains A1 and A6

Present in nasal cavity of healthy carriers

Mixing of carriers and susceptible animals precipitates pneumonia

34
Q

how is mannheimia hemolytica diagnosed

A

Broncho-alveolar lavage

Lung lesions at postmortem examination

Tonsillar and nasal isolates (not always pathogenic strains)

Isolation difficult from animals treated with antibiotics

Serology can be performed:

  • Paired samples (one sample taken when the animal is acutely ill and another taken 21 days later once it has recovered. The samples are tested together to ensure the validity of the results, and specific titre elevations between acute and convalescent samples indicate seroconversion)
35
Q

what is the pathogenicity of pasteurella multocida

A

Present in nasal cavity of most cattle

Secondary pathogen: colonizes lesions induced by other agents (mycoplasmas, viruses)

Some strains are primary pathogens (Type B)

Readily isolated from lung lesions of untreated animals (isolates from upper respiratory tract may not be significant)

36
Q

what are the clinical signs of pasteurellosis

A

Dull

Anorexic

Tachypneic (60-100 breaths/min)

Hyperpneic

Pyrexia (up to 42ºC, 108ºF) and nasal discharge

Adventitious lung sounds and coughing are not as marked as in enzootic pneumonia and may be absent

37
Q

what is the pathogenicity of histophilus somni

A

Present in upper and lower respiratory tracts of some healthy cattle

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (rare in UK)

Isolated from calf pneumonia in UK

  • Difficult to isolate
  • Transport medium
38
Q

how is pneumonic pasteurellosis treated and controlled

A

As for calf pneumonia

Control:

  • Decrease stress
  • Vaccination: specific Mannheimia vaccines
  • Viral vaccines (RSV, PI3, BHV-1, BVDV)
39
Q

what is chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

inevitable end point in many cases

repeated bouts of acute pneumonia

40
Q

what are the signs of chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

reduced weight gain/fail to gain weight

41
Q

what is the treatment of chronic suppurative pneumonia

A

treatment often unsuccessful: cull

42
Q

what is shown here

A

chronic suppurative pnuemonia

43
Q

what is shown here

A

chronic suppurative pnuemonia

mucopurulent exudates in bronchioles

44
Q

what antimicrobials are available to use in the treatment of pneumonia

A

Oxytetracycline

Amoxycillin +/- clavulanic acid

Tylosin

Spectinomycin

Tilmicosin (Micotil)

Ceftiofur (Excenel)

Cefquinome (Cephaguard)

Florfenicol (Nuflor)

Enrofloxacin (Baytril)

Danofloxacin (Advocin)

Marbofloxacin (Marbocyl)

Tulathromycin (Draxxin)

Gamithromycin (Zactran)

Tildipirosin (Zuprevo)

45
Q

what questions should you ask when you are deciding what antimicrobial to use (10)

A

Are the probable pathogens likely to be sensitive to the antimicrobial in vitro?

Can the product be expected to reach therapeutic concentrations in the infected tissues for a sufficient period of time?

Is the antimicrobial available in a preparation which is licensed for use in this class of animal?

Is the route of administration appropriate to this animal and dose the dosing interval suit the current management situation?

What are the required minimum withdrawal periods and are meat and/or milk residues likely to be a problem?

Are there any risks to human health in the use of this product?

Have I had previous success when using this product?

Have animals on the same farm previously shown a good clinical response to treatment with the product?

What is the cost of the product?

What is the likely cost-benefit of using the product?

46
Q

which animals should you treat

A

Sick animals + ?

Threshold temperatures (39.6ºC)

  • Labour intensive and not widely practiced

In contact cohort? (metaphylaxis?)

Decision is often arbitrary

47
Q

what additional therapy can be used to treat pneumonia

A

NSAIDs:

  • Flunixin
  • Ketoprofen
  • Carprofen
  • Meloxicam
  • Tolfenamic acid

Vaccination in the face of an outbreak (IBR)

Corticosteroids

(Antihistamines)

(Clenbuterol)

Bromhexine (mucolytics)

Fluids/diuretics

TLC

48
Q

what are management factors that can be used

A

Adequate colostrum

Housing design and management

Cleaning and disinfection

Timing of routine procedures

  • Castration
  • Weaning

Stable group structures

Vaccination protocols (pre-conditioning)

“Prophylactic antimicrobials” (ex. Draxxin)

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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