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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Neonatal Calf & Colostrum Management > Flashcards

Neonatal Calf & Colostrum Management Flashcards

1
Q

what is failure of passive transfer (FPT)

A

Calf born in immunocompromised state

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2
Q

how much IgG do calves need to develop passive immunity

A

Needs to ingest quality colostrum >50mg/ml IgG (50 g/L IgG) to develop passive immunity

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3
Q

what are FPT calves more prone to

A

Calves with FPT have high morbidity and mortality rates and poorer reproductive and productive performance

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4
Q

why is FPT a problem for farmers in the short term

A

more death

sickness

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5
Q

why is FPT a problem for farmers in the long term

A

production effects (growth + milk production)

animal welfare

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6
Q

what are scenarios where FPT can occur

A

Cows not getting to their feet (nerve damage, low calcium)

Calves weak (dystocia, twins)

Poor quality (nutrition, lack of vaccines)

Not enough produced (running milk, beef)

High yielding cows (dilution)

  • More than 8L of colostrum

Mis-mothering (heifers, c-section)

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7
Q

why is colostrum important

A

Immediate humoral immunity (ex. antibodies)

Local intestinal immunity

Energy

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8
Q

describe the timeline of active and passive immunity in the calf

A
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9
Q

what are the 3 qs to colostrum management

A
  1. quickly
  2. quantity
  3. quality
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10
Q

how many grams of IgG per week are produced in the calf

A

1g IgG/week

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11
Q

why is it important to get colostrum in quickly

A

New born calf gut permeable to large IgG molecules

At 24 hours old, calf gut ‘closes’ and becomes impermeable to large IgG molecules

Ability to absorb starts to decline

Decline in colostrum antibodies after calving in the udder

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12
Q

how much colostrum does a calf need

A

10-15% of its bodyweight within the first 6-12 hours of life

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13
Q

how much colostrum would a 100 pound beef calf need

A

5-6% BW = 5-6L

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14
Q

how much colostrum would a 65 pound dariy calf need

A

3-4.5L

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15
Q

how quickly should colostrum be given

A

before 12 hours

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16
Q

what is “good” colostrum

A

1st milking colostrum

everything else is transition milk

lots of IgG

not contaminated with lots of bacteria

17
Q

what are the 2 main measures of quality

A
  1. high antibody
  2. low bacteria
18
Q

how many g/L of IgG should there be

A

50g/L (>10g/L IgG in serum)

19
Q

how much bacteria and coliforms can be present

A

<100,000 cfu/ml total plate count

and <10,000 cfu/ml coliforms

20
Q

how do you measure FPT in calves (5)

A
  1. TP
  2. Brix
  3. Radial immunodiffusion (RID)
  4. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
  5. Zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST)
21
Q

what is the gold standard to measure FPT

A

RID

22
Q

what is the problem with using ZST to measure FPT

A

Lacks specificity

expensive

23
Q

how do you measure colostrum quality

A
  1. colostrometer
  2. RID
  3. brix
24
Q

why does bacteria contamination matter in colostrum

A

Bind to IgG molecules and can make them too large to pass through the enterocytes

Block the enterocytes and not allow IgG to be absorbed

Increase the rate that the enterocytes close

25
Q

when does bacteria contamination of colostrum occur

A

Warm ambient temperature most rapidly increase bacteria counts

Bacteria contamination of colostrum occurs at harvest, and during storage and feeding

26
Q

how can we improve colostrum (6)

A
  1. first milking only
  2. time calving to first milking (time in udder)
  3. time calving to first feed (time in bucket)
  4. time collection to first feed (age at first feed)
  5. selection colostrum ‘donor’ cows
  6. pasteurization
27
Q

what cow factors influence colostrum quality (10)

A
  1. age
  2. breed
  3. volume of colostrum
  4. season
  5. nutrition pre calving
  6. vaccination
  7. pooling
  8. dry period length
  9. mastitis/sickness
  10. delayed collection
28
Q

what disease and bacteria can colostrum spread

A

johne’s

salmonella

e. coli

mycoplasma

29
Q

how do you pasteurize colostrum

A

60C for 30-60 mins

operator problems

30
Q

what if the calfs dam colostrum is not available (4)

A
  1. fresh colostrum from another cow from same farm (fridge within 1 hour, lasts 7 days)
  2. frozen colostrum from another cow from same farm (lasts 12 months, defrost slowly)
  3. artificial colostrum (supplement vs replacer)
  4. colostrum from another farm? (disease)

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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