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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Neonatal Calf Diseases > Flashcards

Neonatal Calf Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are neonatal calf diseases (not in any order) (10)

A
  1. scours
  2. septic arthritis
  3. hereditary disease
  4. congenital disease
  5. septicemia
  6. mineral def
  7. pneumonia
  8. pneumonia
  9. meningitis
  10. umbilical infection
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2
Q

what does the umbilicus consist of

A

Urachus —> vestigial part of bladder apex

Umbilical veins —> round ligament of liver

Umbilical artery —> lateral ligament of bladder

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3
Q

what is omphalitis

A

infection in umbilicus

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4
Q

what is omphaloarteritis

A

infection in umbilical artery

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5
Q

what is omphalophlebitis

A

infection in umbilical vein

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6
Q

how are umbilical infections caused

A

infection gains access while stump is still wet

open access to bloodstream

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7
Q

how does infection gain access to bloodstream in umbilical infections

A

Poor management of umbilicus

Dirty environment

Failure of passive transfer

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8
Q

what bacteria can cause umbilical infection

A

E. coli

Staph

Proteus

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Mannheimia hemolytics

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Salmonellae

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9
Q

what are the clinical signs of umbilical infection

A

Hot/swollen/painful umbilicus

+/- pus

+/- lameness

+/- intermittent purulent discharge

+/- systemic signs

  • Dull, ill thrifty, inappetent

+/- urinary signs, persistent urachus (urinalysis)

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10
Q

what are the treatment of umbilical infection

A

2-3 weeks duration

  • Broad spectrum
  • Ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, sulfadimethoxine (TMPS)

May be septicemia so need fluids/NSAIDs

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11
Q

what are the consequences of umbilical infection

A

May lead to:

Abscessation

Septicemia

Joint ill, polyarthritis

Liver abscess or cystitis

Hypopyon anterior chamber of eye (inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber)

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12
Q

how is umbilical infection prevented

A

Strong iodine (+/- surgical spirit)

Oxytet spray

Colostrum

Environment

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13
Q

what is shown here

A

hpopyon in anterior chamber of eye due to umbilical infection

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14
Q

what is the most common congenital disease of cattle

A

umbilical hernia

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15
Q

how do you tell the difference between an umbilical hernia and infection

A
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16
Q

what are the complications of umbilical hernias

A

Adhesions

Bowel strangulation

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17
Q

how do you treat umbilical hernias

A

Leave alone

Surgical repair open or closed

Do not breed from them

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18
Q

what is septic arthritis also known as

A

joint ill

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19
Q

what causes septic arthritis

A

Consequence to umbilical infection or other infections

Bacteremia and/or septicemia

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20
Q

what are the pathogens that cause spetic arthritis (5)

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Streptococcus spp.

E. coli

Staphylococcus spp.

Mycoplasma

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs of septic arthritis

A

One/multiple joint swellings (carpus/stifle)

Lameness

Pyrexia

+/- swollen navel

Down

Loss of joint movement

Joint capsule inflamed

Contraction of flexor tendons

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22
Q

how is septic arthritis diagnosed (6)

A

Clinical signs

Arthrocentesis

Fluid aspiration

Culture & sensitivity

Radiography (when more chronic)

Ultrasound

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23
Q

how is septic arhtritis treated

A

3 weeks broad spectrum antibiotics (including Mycoplasma) IV if possible initially

Intra-articular antibiotics?

Joint lavage? (fibrin = difficult)

NSAIDs

Vet often too late = poor response to treatment and chronic lameness

24
Q

what does septic arthritis lead to in the joint

A

irreversible destruction of articular cartilage

25
Q

what is septicemia

A

Systemic disease associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

26
Q

what are the causes of septicemia (5)

A

E. coli (O78, O137, O153) Endotoxin (50%)

Salmonella

Campylobacter

Klebsiella

Staphylococcus

27
Q

what are sources of bacteria that cause septicemia

A

Environment

Colostrum/milk —> intestine or umbilicus

Uterus

28
Q

what are the reasons for septicemia commonly

A

Usually calves <2 weeks old with FPT and/or high exposure to bacterial pathogens (ex. scour)

29
Q

describe the septicemia process (7)

A
  1. Pathogen enters blood
  2. Calf immune response unable to clear (FPT, pathogen load, stress)
  3. Systemic immune response
  4. Cascade into adverse immune response
  5. Shock (hypovolemia, hypotension, respiratory failure)
  6. Organ failure
  7. Death
30
Q

what are the clinical signs of septicemia (7)

A
  1. Rapid progression; often fatal —> found dead (Trauma, congenital disease?)
  2. Early signs non-specific
  • Depression
  • Reduced suckling (acidosis?)
  1. Fever or hypothermia
  2. Sustained tachycardia (+ tachypnea)
  • Pneumonia?
  • Pain?
  1. Hyperemia of mucus membranes & scleral injection
  2. Progressive shock
  3. Localized infection:
  • Arthritis
  • Eye (hypopyon)
  • Meningitis
  • Pneumonia
31
Q

what is shown here

A

hyperemia of mucus membranes due to septicemia

32
Q

how is septicemia treated (4)

A

Response to treatment often poor

  1. Antimicrobials
  • Preferably IV
  • Gram negative or broad-spectrum initially (then select on basis of culture & sensitivity if available)
  1. NSAIDs
  • Counter pathogenic effects of inflammatory response and endotoxemia
  • Flunixin meglumine (0.22-0.33 mg/kg up to 3x daily)
  1. Supportive treatment:
    * Warmth, good bedding, nursing care
  2. IV fluids (plasma transfusion, oxygen admin)
33
Q

what are the causes of meningitis

A

linked to septicemia and pneumonia

34
Q

what is meningitis

A

Inflammation of one or more of the three covering layers of the meninges in the CNS

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of meningitis

A

Depression

Reduced suckling

Neck pain

Star gazing

Head pressing

Opisthotonos (rigid and arches their back, with their head thrown backward)

Pyrexia (initially)

Hypopyon

Hyperesthesia (acidosis?)

Blindness

Ataxia

Spasticity

Slow deep respiration (clear sign of meningitis)

36
Q

what clinical sign is shown here

A

Star gazing

meningitis

37
Q

how is meningitis diagnosed

A

CS

CSF?

38
Q

what is the treatment of meningitis

A

Antibiotics that cross the blood brain barrier and broad spectrum

  • 14 days
  • Penicillin
  • TMPS (sulfadimethoxine), oxytetracycline

NSAID

Sedation

39
Q

what does selenium deficiency cause

A

decreased immune response

white muscle disease

40
Q

what does an iodine deficiency cause

A

decreased metabolic rate

inability to stand

goitre

41
Q

what does vitamin A deficiency cause

A

blindness

still born/weak calves

42
Q

what are other causes of pneumonia besides viral, bacteria

A
  1. post natal hypoxia/hypercapnia
  2. aspiration pneumonia (tube feeding/meconium)
  3. fractured ribs (delivery, stood on by cow)
43
Q

what is ruminal drinking

A

rumen dysfunction from milk entering rumen

44
Q

what is sporadic ruminal drinking

A

single milk feed entering rumen

45
Q

how does milk enter the rumen

A

Esophageal groove acts as bypass so milk enters the abomasum and not rumen (water still goes into rumen)

46
Q

how does failure of the esophageal groove happen

A

Failure of groove:

Inconsistent milk feeding regime

Poor quality TMR/compound feeds

Tube milk feeding

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of ruminal drinking

A

Bloat

Failure to thrive

Poor growth rates

Pot bellied appearance

Reduced appetite

Acidosis signs

Fluid splashing on deep ballottement of lower left abdomen

48
Q

how do you treat ruminal drinking

A

If you can pull of the milk altogether and feed good quality hay and concentrates —> recovery in a couple of weeks

  • Based on development
  • Should be 20% of mature bwt
  • Pear shaped
  • 1.5kg (20% protein concentrate) per calf per day

If too young to pull off milk try to reinstate esophageal groove

  • Alter feeding (avoid stomach tubing milk) —> suckle
  • Bicarbonate/electrolytes
49
Q

what are the differences between congenital and hereditary diseases

A

congenital: Disease or abnormality present from birth

hereditary:

May or may not be congenital

Genetic component

50
Q

what are congenital calf diseases

A

Atresia ani

Ventricular septal defect

Hypospadia

Cleft palate

Hypotrichosis

Contracted tendons

Hydrocephalus

Chondrodystrophy

51
Q

how do you investigate congenital defects

A

History of dam: nutrition, disease, drug therapy during gestation

Movements onto premises with possible teratogens

Seasonal relationship

Newly introduced stock

Pedigree analysis —> reportable?

Significant welfare impact

52
Q

what are some hereditary calf diseases

A

Free martin

  • Female twin calf in utero with male calf
  • Blind ending vagina, cannot breed

Umbilical hernia

Hypotrichosis

Spastic paresis

Many others

53
Q

what is abomasitis and abomasal bloat

A

sporadic

calves <3 weeks old

rapid onset of abdominal distention, depressed attitude and occasional signs of colic

54
Q

what are the clinical signs of abomasitis and abomasal bloat

A

Rapid onset of abdominal distention

Depressed attitude

Occasional signs of colic

Teeth grinding and salivation

Diarrhea?

Abdominal distention, if the flank of calve is shaken by hand, a tinkling and splashing sound may be heard

50-60% cases die

55
Q

what can be seen on PM with abomasitis/abomasal bloat (6)

A
  1. gas filled and inflamed abomasum
  2. the abomasum contains foul smelling, sour clots of milk
  3. Bile reflux from small intestine may impart a greenish colour to the abomasal contents
  4. Hemorrhage from the abomasal lining, however may cause the contents to become rust-coloured or even black
  5. The inflammation evident in the abomasal wall is the finding that prompts many to term this disease ‘abomasitis’
  6. Ulcers may be visible in the abomasal wall and occasionally these perforate to release abomasal contents into the abdominal cavity, resulting in peritonitis
56
Q

what are risk factors of abomasitis/abomasal bloat

A

Factors that promote anaerobic environment and the presence of bacteria (usually Clostridium perfringens but sometimes Sarcina ventriculi)

Erratic feeding schedules

Contaminated milk or colostrum

High incidence of FPT

Inadequate water (which is worryingly common)

Hyperconcentrated or inadequate milk replacer mixing

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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