Neonatal Calf Diseases Flashcards

Question

what is septicemia

Answer 1

Systemic disease associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

Answer 2

E. coli (O78, O137, O153) Endotoxin (50%) Salmonella Campylobacter Klebsiella Staphylococcus

Answer 3

Environment Colostrum/milk —\> intestine or umbilicus Uterus

Answer 4

Usually calves \<2 weeks old with FPT and/or high exposure to bacterial pathogens (ex. scour)

Answer 5

1. Pathogen enters blood 2. Calf immune response unable to clear (FPT, pathogen load, stress) 3. Systemic immune response 4. Cascade into adverse immune response 5. Shock (hypovolemia, hypotension, respiratory failure) 6. Organ failure 7. Death

Answer 6

1. Rapid progression; often fatal —\> found dead (Trauma, congenital disease?) 2. Early signs non-specific * Depression * Reduced suckling (acidosis?) 3. Fever or hypothermia 4. Sustained tachycardia (+ tachypnea) * Pneumonia? * Pain? 5. Hyperemia of mucus membranes & scleral injection 6. Progressive shock 7. Localized infection: * Arthritis * Eye (hypopyon) * Meningitis * Pneumonia

Answer 7

hyperemia of mucus membranes due to septicemia

Answer 8

Response to treatment often poor 1. Antimicrobials * Preferably IV * Gram negative or broad-spectrum initially (then select on basis of culture & sensitivity if available) 2. NSAIDs * Counter pathogenic effects of inflammatory response and endotoxemia * Flunixin meglumine (0.22-0.33 mg/kg up to 3x daily) 3. Supportive treatment: * Warmth, good bedding, nursing care 4. IV fluids (plasma transfusion, oxygen admin)

Answer 9

linked to septicemia and pneumonia

Answer 10

Inflammation of one or more of the three covering layers of the meninges in the CNS

Answer 11

Depression Reduced suckling Neck pain Star gazing Head pressing Opisthotonos (rigid and arches their back, with their head thrown backward) Pyrexia (initially) Hypopyon Hyperesthesia (acidosis?) Blindness Ataxia Spasticity Slow deep respiration (clear sign of meningitis)

Answer 12

Star gazing meningitis

Answer 13

Antibiotics that cross the blood brain barrier and broad spectrum * 14 days * Penicillin * TMPS (sulfadimethoxine), oxytetracycline NSAID Sedation

Answer 14

decreased immune response white muscle disease

Answer 15

decreased metabolic rate inability to stand goitre

Answer 16

blindness still born/weak calves

Answer 17

1. post natal hypoxia/hypercapnia 2. aspiration pneumonia (tube feeding/meconium) 3. fractured ribs (delivery, stood on by cow)

Answer 18

rumen dysfunction from milk entering rumen

Answer 19

single milk feed entering rumen

Answer 20

Esophageal groove acts as bypass so milk enters the abomasum and not rumen (water still goes into rumen)

Answer 21

Failure of groove: Inconsistent milk feeding regime Poor quality TMR/compound feeds Tube milk feeding

Answer 22

Bloat Failure to thrive Poor growth rates Pot bellied appearance Reduced appetite Acidosis signs Fluid splashing on deep ballottement of lower left abdomen

Answer 23

If you can pull of the milk altogether and feed good quality hay and concentrates —\> recovery in a couple of weeks * Based on development * Should be 20% of mature bwt * Pear shaped * 1.5kg (20% protein concentrate) per calf per day If too young to pull off milk try to reinstate esophageal groove * Alter feeding (avoid stomach tubing milk) —\> suckle * Bicarbonate/electrolytes

Answer 24

congenital: Disease or abnormality present from birth hereditary: May or may not be congenital Genetic component

Answer 25

Atresia ani Ventricular septal defect Hypospadia Cleft palate Hypotrichosis Contracted tendons Hydrocephalus Chondrodystrophy

Answer 26

History of dam: nutrition, disease, drug therapy during gestation Movements onto premises with possible teratogens Seasonal relationship Newly introduced stock Pedigree analysis —\> reportable? Significant welfare impact

Answer 27

Free martin * Female twin calf in utero with male calf * Blind ending vagina, cannot breed Umbilical hernia Hypotrichosis Spastic paresis Many others

Answer 28

sporadic calves \<3 weeks old rapid onset of abdominal distention, depressed attitude and occasional signs of colic

Answer 29

Rapid onset of abdominal distention Depressed attitude Occasional signs of colic Teeth grinding and salivation Diarrhea? Abdominal distention, if the flank of calve is shaken by hand, a tinkling and splashing sound may be heard 50-60% cases die

Answer 30

1. gas filled and inflamed abomasum 2. the abomasum contains foul smelling, sour clots of milk 3. Bile reflux from small intestine may impart a greenish colour to the abomasal contents 4. Hemorrhage from the abomasal lining, however may cause the contents to become rust-coloured or even black 5. The inflammation evident in the abomasal wall is the finding that prompts many to term this disease ‘abomasitis’ 6. Ulcers may be visible in the abomasal wall and occasionally these perforate to release abomasal contents into the abdominal cavity, resulting in peritonitis

Answer 31

Factors that promote anaerobic environment and the presence of bacteria (usually Clostridium perfringens but sometimes Sarcina ventriculi) Erratic feeding schedules Contaminated milk or colostrum High incidence of FPT Inadequate water (which is worryingly common) Hyperconcentrated or inadequate milk replacer mixing