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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Ruminant Parasites > Flashcards

Ruminant Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what are ruminant helminths

A
  1. nematodes: roundworms
  2. trematodes: fluke
  3. cestodes: tapeworms
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2
Q

what are ruminant arthropods

A
  1. insects: lice, flies etc
  2. arachnids: ticks and mites
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3
Q

what are ruminant protozoa

A
  1. coccidia: cryptosporidia
  2. babesia: theileria
  3. neospora: toxoplasma
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4
Q

what are endoparasites

A

internal parasites

occur inside the body

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5
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

externa parasites

occur outside body

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6
Q

what are species specific parasites in ruminants

A

gutworms

lungworm

lice and mange

coccidia

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7
Q

what are generalist parasites

A

liver fluke

rumen fluke

ticks

cryptosporidia

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8
Q

what are the parasitic phases in the life cycle

A

Pre-patent period

Fecundity

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9
Q

what are the free living stages

A

environmental influences

  • Development, survival and transmission
  • Seasonality
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10
Q

what are intermeditate hosts dependent on

A

Ecological components

Seasonality

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11
Q

what is a simple direct life cycle

A
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12
Q

what is the direct life cycle of GI nematodes

A
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13
Q

where do ostertagia ostertagi go

A

abomasum

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14
Q

where do teladorsagia curcumcincta go

A

abomasum

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15
Q

where do haemonchus contortus go

A

abomasum

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16
Q

where do cooperia spp go

A

small intestine

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17
Q

where do dictyocaulus viviparus go

A

lungs

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18
Q

what can extent the pre patent period

A

inhibition/hypobiosis

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19
Q

what is the life cycle of fasciola hepatica

A

indirect life cycle

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20
Q

what is the PPP of fasciola hepatica

A

12 weeks

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21
Q

what is the life cycle of dicrocoelium dendriticium

A
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22
Q

how are helminth infections acquired

A

by ingestion of larvae, metacercariae or invertebrae hosts while grazing

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23
Q

what is the seasonal dynamocs of PGE in sheep

A

Ewe increases egg output (PPR) onto last years supply of larvae which can be picked up the lambs as they are grazing

The larvae develop on pasture and are picked up develop inside the sheep and exponentially increase the egg output

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24
Q

what are infection patterns of fasciola hepatica

A

Intermediate hosts can impact the seasonality of infection

Snail carries infection over winter and deposits eggs onto the pasture and those infect snails in the summer

This can take awhile for snails to process through the different phases

The major infection pattern is early eggs picked up by snails and increase the # of metacercariae on the pasture —> peak in late autumn

But weather dependent

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25
what are parasite co infections and interactions in sheep
diarrhea and fecal staining of wool from PGE can lead to fly strike (myiasis)
26
what are the parasite impacts on the host
Number Location * Pathology Biology: * Pathophysiology * Biochemistry * Endocrinology
27
what are the host responses of parasites
Innate defences: * Physical barriers * Natural chemicals Adaptive responses: * Acquired immunity * Behaviour
28
what parasite can cause mortality
dictyocaulus viviparus
29
what does subclinical PGE cause
common cause of poor/uneven growth in young cattle ostertagia ostertagi cooperia spp
30
what is key to the pathogenesis of PGE
60-70% of the reduction in growth rate in sub clinically infected lambs and calves is attributed to anorexia and reduced DMI
31
what is the pathophysiology of liver fluke
Feeding of flukes: * Hemorrhage/anemia Liver damage and dysfunction: * Diverse effects Anorexia: * Reduced food intake Immunomodulation: * Bacterial co-infection
32
which species can cattle develop immunity to
33
what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in cattle in first grazing season
growth rate
34
what are the impacts of subclinical helminosis in cattle in second grazing season
growth rate carcass yield and quality preg rate (heifers)
35
what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in cattle in housed cattle
feed conversion ratio
36
what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in dairy cattle
milk yield calving to conception
37
what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in beef cattle
calf weaning weight preg rate
38
what species can sheep develop immunity to
39
how can helminths be diagnosed
40
what are the tools for helminth control
41
what are anticoccidials
coccidiostats and coccidiocides kill coccidia
42
what are anthelmintics
kill helminths roundworms, fluke, tapeworms
43
what are flukicides
kill flukes
44
what are macrocyclic lactones (MLs)
also known as endectocides kill internal and external parasites ex. ivermectin, moxidectin
45
what are ectoparasiticides
kill external parasites
46
what are insecticides
kill insects lice flies
47
what are acaricides
kill arachnids mites ticks
48
what are pyrethroids
ectoparasiticides that can kill insects and arachnids
49
what is a POM-V
a veterinary medical product (VMP) that has been classified as a POM-V may only be supplied to the client once it has been prescribed by a veterinarian following a clinical assessment of an animal, or a group of animals, under the veterinarian care
50
what are POM-VPS
a veterinary medicine classified as POM\_VPS may be prescribed by any registered qualified person (RQP a veterinarian, a pharmacist or an appropriately qualified suitably qualified person, SQP) Clinical assessment of the animal(s) is not required when prescribing this category of veterinary medicine and the animal does not have to seen by prescriber. However, sufficient information about the animal and the way it is kept must be known to the prescriber and supply appropriately
51
what are group 1, 2, 3 anthelmintics for cattle
group 1 (white): bendimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole) group 2 (yellow): levamisole group 3 (clear): macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, doramectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin) and fluke wormer combos
52
what are anthelmintics for sheep
Group 1 (white):Benzimidazoles * Albendazole * Fenbendazole * Oxfendazole * Ricobendazole Group 2 (yellow): * Levamisole Group 3 (clear): Macrocytic lactones: * Ivermectin * Doramectin * Moxidectin * Eprinomectin Group 4 (orange): * Monepantel Group 5 (purple): * Derquantel + abamectin and fluke wormer combos
53
what are ruminant flukicides
54
what are blowflies
grazing season lucilia sericata (green bottle)
55
what are tick species
ixodes ricinus spring and autumn
56
what are risk factors for ectoparasites
housing ## Footnote Crowding/contact (contagious) Coats (long hair, humidity) Cover (away from UV light
57
what is the generation time for lice
3-5 weeks
58
what is the fecudity for lice
100-330 eggs/female/month
59
how long can lice survive off host
3-7 days
60
what is the generation time of mange mites
2-3 weeks
61
what is the fecundity of mange mites
100-330 eggs/female/month
62
how long can mange mites survive off host
up to 15 days up to 70 days (chorioptes)
63
what are the impacts of ectoparasites
Clinical disease Production losses Behavioural changes Hide damage
64
how are ectoparasites diagnosed
skin scrape visual ELISA test (sheep scab)
65
what are sheep ectoparasiticides
66
describe what a high risk cow would be for PGE (7)
1. first grazing season (\<1 year old) 2. \<6 months at age of turnout 3. \<0.7 kg/day DLWG 4. \>200 epg fecal worm egg counts 2 months after turnout 5. herbage mass low 6. grazed by cattle \<1 year od within last year 7. bulk milk tank ostertagia ostertagi \>0.8 antibodies (dairy herd)
67
describe what a medium risk cow would be for PGE (7)
1. 1-2 years second grazing season 2. age at turnout 6-8 months 3. DLWG 0.7-0.8kg/day 4. 50-200 epg fecal worm egg count 2 months after turnuot 5. medium herbage mass and sward height 6. silage/hay aftermath pasture 7. grazed by cattle 1-2 years old within last year 8. bulk mikl tank O. ostertagi 0.5-0.8 antibodies (dairy)
68
what would low risk cow be for PGE
1. \>2 years second grazing season 2. age at turnout \>8 months 3. DLWG \>0.8kg/day 4. \<50 epg fecal worm egg count 2 months after turnuot 5. high herbage mass and sward height 6. newly sown, ungrazed leys 7. grazed by adult cattle, sheep or other species within last year 8. bulk mikl tank O. ostertagi \<0.5 antibodies (dairy)
69
what are strategic treaments at pasture
Early season anthelmintics to minimize infection build up Summer treatment for liver fluke
70
what are tactical/convenience treatments at pasture
Treat in anticipation of decline in performance Removal of helminths at key times ex. weaning Forecast ex. nematodirosis, myiasis
71
what are therapeutic treatments at pasture
Treat at onset of clinical disease: * PGE, lungworm * Acute fasciolosis * Sheep scab * Fly strike
72
what are housing treatments for cattle
Effective removal of helminths acquired during the grazing season * Allow good performance without impact of parasites * Avoid risk of ostertagiosis type II * Reduce risk of pneumonia * Means that animals do not contaminate pastures with eggs or larvae after turnout the following year Effective removal of cryptic populations of ectoparasites * Reduce risk of lice or mange over winter
73
what is the BVA "DO" position about decision making whether or not to use anthelmintics
DO: Ensure full grazing management programmes and the use of regular fecal egg counts to ensure treatment of only animals that need it Target the drug used to the parasite to be treated Emphasize the importance of not underdosing, through underestimation of body weight, maladministration of the product, or lack of calibration of dosing device Encourage the development of farm health planning including worm strategies Advise newly treated animals should NOT necessarily be moved immediately onto clean pasture Explain and emphasize the importance of quarantine incoming animals and give individual guidance on their treatment
74
what is the BVA "DONT" position when deciding to use anthelmintics
Treat unnecessarily Blanket treat
75
what does the responsble use of parasiticides entail
Risk assessment; diagnostics Targeted treatment (TT) of groups Targeted selective treatment (TST) of individuals Integrated parasite management (IPM) * Parasiticides + nutrition, husbandry, breeding

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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