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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Ruminant Parasites > Flashcards

Ruminant Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what are ruminant helminths

A
  1. nematodes: roundworms
  2. trematodes: fluke
  3. cestodes: tapeworms
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2
Q

what are ruminant arthropods

A
  1. insects: lice, flies etc
  2. arachnids: ticks and mites
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3
Q

what are ruminant protozoa

A
  1. coccidia: cryptosporidia
  2. babesia: theileria
  3. neospora: toxoplasma
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4
Q

what are endoparasites

A

internal parasites

occur inside the body

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5
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

externa parasites

occur outside body

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6
Q

what are species specific parasites in ruminants

A

gutworms

lungworm

lice and mange

coccidia

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7
Q

what are generalist parasites

A

liver fluke

rumen fluke

ticks

cryptosporidia

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8
Q

what are the parasitic phases in the life cycle

A

Pre-patent period

Fecundity

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9
Q

what are the free living stages

A

environmental influences

  • Development, survival and transmission
  • Seasonality
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10
Q

what are intermeditate hosts dependent on

A

Ecological components

Seasonality

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11
Q

what is a simple direct life cycle

A
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12
Q

what is the direct life cycle of GI nematodes

A
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13
Q

where do ostertagia ostertagi go

A

abomasum

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14
Q

where do teladorsagia curcumcincta go

A

abomasum

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15
Q

where do haemonchus contortus go

A

abomasum

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16
Q

where do cooperia spp go

A

small intestine

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17
Q

where do dictyocaulus viviparus go

A

lungs

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18
Q

what can extent the pre patent period

A

inhibition/hypobiosis

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19
Q

what is the life cycle of fasciola hepatica

A

indirect life cycle

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20
Q

what is the PPP of fasciola hepatica

A

12 weeks

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21
Q

what is the life cycle of dicrocoelium dendriticium

A
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22
Q

how are helminth infections acquired

A

by ingestion of larvae, metacercariae or invertebrae hosts while grazing

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23
Q

what is the seasonal dynamocs of PGE in sheep

A

Ewe increases egg output (PPR) onto last years supply of larvae which can be picked up the lambs as they are grazing

The larvae develop on pasture and are picked up develop inside the sheep and exponentially increase the egg output

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24
Q

what are infection patterns of fasciola hepatica

A

Intermediate hosts can impact the seasonality of infection

Snail carries infection over winter and deposits eggs onto the pasture and those infect snails in the summer

This can take awhile for snails to process through the different phases

The major infection pattern is early eggs picked up by snails and increase the # of metacercariae on the pasture —> peak in late autumn

But weather dependent

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25
Q

what are parasite co infections and interactions in sheep

A

diarrhea and fecal staining of wool from PGE can lead to fly strike (myiasis)

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26
Q

what are the parasite impacts on the host

A

Number

Location

  • Pathology

Biology:

  • Pathophysiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
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27
Q

what are the host responses of parasites

A

Innate defences:

  • Physical barriers
  • Natural chemicals

Adaptive responses:

  • Acquired immunity
  • Behaviour
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28
Q

what parasite can cause mortality

A

dictyocaulus viviparus

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29
Q

what does subclinical PGE cause

A

common cause of poor/uneven growth in young cattle

ostertagia ostertagi

cooperia spp

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30
Q

what is key to the pathogenesis of PGE

A

60-70% of the reduction in growth rate in sub clinically infected lambs and calves is attributed to anorexia and reduced DMI

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31
Q

what is the pathophysiology of liver fluke

A

Feeding of flukes:

  • Hemorrhage/anemia

Liver damage and dysfunction:

  • Diverse effects

Anorexia:

  • Reduced food intake

Immunomodulation:

  • Bacterial co-infection
32
Q

which species can cattle develop immunity to

A
33
Q

what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in cattle in first grazing season

A

growth rate

34
Q

what are the impacts of subclinical helminosis in cattle in second grazing season

A

growth rate

carcass yield and quality

preg rate (heifers)

35
Q

what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in cattle in housed cattle

A

feed conversion ratio

36
Q

what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in dairy cattle

A

milk yield

calving to conception

37
Q

what are the impact of subclinical helminosis in beef cattle

A

calf weaning weight

preg rate

38
Q

what species can sheep develop immunity to

A
39
Q

how can helminths be diagnosed

A
40
Q

what are the tools for helminth control

A
41
Q

what are anticoccidials

A

coccidiostats and coccidiocides

kill coccidia

42
Q

what are anthelmintics

A

kill helminths

roundworms, fluke, tapeworms

43
Q

what are flukicides

A

kill flukes

44
Q

what are macrocyclic lactones (MLs)

A

also known as endectocides

kill internal and external parasites

ex. ivermectin, moxidectin

45
Q

what are ectoparasiticides

A

kill external parasites

46
Q

what are insecticides

A

kill insects

lice

flies

47
Q

what are acaricides

A

kill arachnids

mites

ticks

48
Q

what are pyrethroids

A

ectoparasiticides that can kill insects and arachnids

49
Q

what is a POM-V

A

a veterinary medical product (VMP) that has been classified as a POM-V may only be supplied to the client once it has been prescribed by a veterinarian following a clinical assessment of an animal, or a group of animals, under the veterinarian care

50
Q

what are POM-VPS

A

a veterinary medicine classified as POM_VPS may be prescribed by any registered qualified person (RQP a veterinarian, a pharmacist or an appropriately qualified suitably qualified person, SQP)

Clinical assessment of the animal(s) is not required when prescribing this category of veterinary medicine and the animal does not have to seen by prescriber. However, sufficient information about the animal and the way it is kept must be known to the prescriber and supply appropriately

51
Q

what are group 1, 2, 3 anthelmintics for cattle

A

group 1 (white): bendimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole)

group 2 (yellow): levamisole

group 3 (clear): macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, doramectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin)

and fluke wormer combos

52
Q

what are anthelmintics for sheep

A

Group 1 (white):Benzimidazoles

  • Albendazole
  • Fenbendazole
  • Oxfendazole
  • Ricobendazole

Group 2 (yellow):

  • Levamisole

Group 3 (clear): Macrocytic lactones:

  • Ivermectin
  • Doramectin
  • Moxidectin
  • Eprinomectin

Group 4 (orange):

  • Monepantel

Group 5 (purple):

  • Derquantel + abamectin

and fluke wormer combos

53
Q

what are ruminant flukicides

A
54
Q

what are blowflies

A

grazing season

lucilia sericata (green bottle)

55
Q

what are tick species

A

ixodes ricinus

spring and autumn

56
Q

what are risk factors for ectoparasites

A

housing

Crowding/contact (contagious)

Coats (long hair, humidity)

Cover (away from UV light

57
Q

what is the generation time for lice

A

3-5 weeks

58
Q

what is the fecudity for lice

A

100-330 eggs/female/month

59
Q

how long can lice survive off host

A

3-7 days

60
Q

what is the generation time of mange mites

A

2-3 weeks

61
Q

what is the fecundity of mange mites

A

100-330 eggs/female/month

62
Q

how long can mange mites survive off host

A

up to 15 days

up to 70 days (chorioptes)

63
Q

what are the impacts of ectoparasites

A

Clinical disease

Production losses

Behavioural changes

Hide damage

64
Q

how are ectoparasites diagnosed

A

skin scrape

visual

ELISA test (sheep scab)

65
Q

what are sheep ectoparasiticides

A
66
Q

describe what a high risk cow would be for PGE (7)

A
  1. first grazing season (<1 year old)
  2. <6 months at age of turnout
  3. <0.7 kg/day DLWG
  4. >200 epg fecal worm egg counts 2 months after turnout
  5. herbage mass low
  6. grazed by cattle <1 year od within last year
  7. bulk milk tank ostertagia ostertagi >0.8 antibodies (dairy herd)
67
Q

describe what a medium risk cow would be for PGE (7)

A
  1. 1-2 years second grazing season
  2. age at turnout 6-8 months
  3. DLWG 0.7-0.8kg/day
  4. 50-200 epg fecal worm egg count 2 months after turnuot
  5. medium herbage mass and sward height
  6. silage/hay aftermath pasture
  7. grazed by cattle 1-2 years old within last year
  8. bulk mikl tank O. ostertagi 0.5-0.8 antibodies (dairy)
68
Q

what would low risk cow be for PGE

A
  1. >2 years second grazing season
  2. age at turnout >8 months
  3. DLWG >0.8kg/day
  4. <50 epg fecal worm egg count 2 months after turnuot
  5. high herbage mass and sward height
  6. newly sown, ungrazed leys
  7. grazed by adult cattle, sheep or other species within last year
  8. bulk mikl tank O. ostertagi <0.5 antibodies (dairy)
69
Q

what are strategic treaments at pasture

A

Early season anthelmintics to minimize infection build up

Summer treatment for liver fluke

70
Q

what are tactical/convenience treatments at pasture

A

Treat in anticipation of decline in performance

Removal of helminths at key times ex. weaning

Forecast ex. nematodirosis, myiasis

71
Q

what are therapeutic treatments at pasture

A

Treat at onset of clinical disease:

  • PGE, lungworm
  • Acute fasciolosis
  • Sheep scab
  • Fly strike
72
Q

what are housing treatments for cattle

A

Effective removal of helminths acquired during the grazing season

  • Allow good performance without impact of parasites
  • Avoid risk of ostertagiosis type II
  • Reduce risk of pneumonia
  • Means that animals do not contaminate pastures with eggs or larvae after turnout the following year

Effective removal of cryptic populations of ectoparasites

  • Reduce risk of lice or mange over winter
73
Q

what is the BVA “DO” position about decision making whether or not to use anthelmintics

A

DO:

Ensure full grazing management programmes and the use of regular fecal egg counts to ensure treatment of only animals that need it

Target the drug used to the parasite to be treated

Emphasize the importance of not underdosing, through underestimation of body weight, maladministration of the product, or lack of calibration of dosing device

Encourage the development of farm health planning including worm strategies

Advise newly treated animals should NOT necessarily be moved immediately onto clean pasture

Explain and emphasize the importance of quarantine incoming animals and give individual guidance on their treatment

74
Q

what is the BVA “DONT” position when deciding to use anthelmintics

A

Treat unnecessarily

Blanket treat

75
Q

what does the responsble use of parasiticides entail

A

Risk assessment; diagnostics

Targeted treatment (TT) of groups

Targeted selective treatment (TST) of individuals

Integrated parasite management (IPM)

  • Parasiticides + nutrition, husbandry, breeding

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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