Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 18: Ruminant Production > Approach to Group Lamb Health > Flashcards

Approach to Group Lamb Health Flashcards

1
Q

what are important history questions when investigating a farm problem

A

Age of affected lambs

Potential causes

Seen this before?

Symptoms

When were first cases seen

Treatment and response

Breed

Ewe/ram

Ewe BCS and nutrition during pregnancy

Age group of mothers

Management at lambing

Housing

Supervision

Weather conditions/shelter

Signs in ewes

Abortions

Enteritis

Depression

Deaths

Hygiene of environment

Lamb management after birth

Colostrum

Navel hygiene

Docking/castration

Vaccination of ewes/lambs

Trace element history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are important record information to get when investigation lamb problems

A

# of ewes bred

Scanning results

lambs born alive/dead

lambs turned out at … days

lambs ‘marked’ or wormed

# lambs weaned

# lambs sold or kept for breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are peri-partum causes of mortality

A

dystocia

abortive agents

membranes over nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are neonatal causes of mortality

A

starvation

  • mastitis of ewe
  • lack of milk
  • lack of vigour
  • rejection by ewe

neonatal infection

congenital disease

hypothermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you examine the evironment, housing and nutrition

A

indoor vs outdoor?

bedding?

navel dipping?

colostrum?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are risk factors that increase neonatal death

A

Low birth weight

Low serum immunoglobulin

High litter size

Inexperienced/young mothers

Male lambs

Low ewe body condition

Being born late in the season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

at what lamb weight does increase mortality occur

A

<3.5kg and >5.5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are general ways to prevent lamb losses

A

Ewe nutrition

Good hygiene

  • Environment
  • Personal

Compact lambing

Adequate labour

Good lighting

Outdoors — shelter

  • Hedgerows, bushes, trees, square bales, pallets secured upright

Vaccinations

Stocking rates

  • Indoors min 1.1m^2 per ewe
  • Pens 3m^2
  • Min 1 pen per 8 ewes (natural mating)

Appropriate genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when should colostrum be given

A

within 2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much colostrum is needed

A

50ml/kg first feed

2-300ml/kg in first 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does good quality colostrum contain and how would you check quality

A

enough IgG

fat content

viscosity, colour, colostrometer, brix (24%?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what colostrum replacers can be used

A

Fresh frozen from another ewe

Frozen from other ewes:

  • Can last years
  • Do not microwave
  • Same farm only

Cow colostrum

Powdered colostrum (variable quality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the issues with cow colostrum

A

Need 30% more volume (lower fat and IgG content)

Vaccinate cows against clostridial disease

Pool from 4 cows (due to risk fo anemia)

Risk of Johne’s disease and TB transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why do orphan lambs have high risk of mortality

A

Poor colostrum provision

Nutrition very artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do you prevent red gut

A

Ensure fibre intake

Room temperature milk after 7 days

Continual milk supply or frequent feeds best

Wean early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the back story with lamb diseases?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe how a lamb PM is done and what you would be looking for

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do you tell if the lamb has breathed on PM

A

Inflated lungs should be pale pink and tissue should float in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do you tell if the lamb has walked on PM

A

If not soft ‘slippers’ still cover the soles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do you tell if the lamb has sucked on PM

A

Milk present in the abomasum

Check whether meconium has been passed (beware may have been stomach tubed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you tell if there is evidence of dystocia

A

Swollen head, edema over hindquarters, meconium staining, fractured ribs, ruptured liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do you tell if the brown fat has been metabolized

A

Metabolized cardiac and renal fat has a purplish appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do you tell if there is evidence of infectious disease

A

Pneumonia, diarrhea, navel ill, joint ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do you tell if there is Is there evidence of goitre on PM

A

The thyroid lies caudal to the larynx and as a guide should weigh no more than 0.4g/kg bodyweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do you tell if there is evidence on congenital abnormality

A

Cleft palate, atresia ani, entropion, arthrogryposis, cerebellar hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what other testing can you perform to investigate an on farm problem (9)

A
  1. lamb colostrum intake (serum TP, serum ZST, IgG, GGT)
  2. bacteriology, culture and sensitivity (PM, diarrhea)
  3. parasitology
  4. toxin isolation (clostridium perfringens)
  5. virus isolation (rota, BVD)
  6. serology (MV, johnes, BVD)
  7. histopathology
  8. ewe dietary analysis
  9. ewe metabolic profiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what preventative measures can be applied on farm

A

Colostrum management

Maternal nutrition

Vaccinations

Hygiene

Naval treatment

Individual lamb treatments

  • Glucose, warming box, antibiotics, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are common lamb conditions

A

Starvation/hypothermia

Watery mouth

Neonatal diarrhea

Neonatal bacteremias

Orf

Umbilical prolapse

Cow colostrum anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how long do brown fat reserves last in lambs

A

approx 5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are underlying causes of starvation and lamb hypothermia

A

Mismothering (young, underfed ewe, etc)

Maternal mastitis

Birth trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what should you do with a lamb that has a temp <37 thats been hypothermic for over 5 hours

A

needs energy

if not holding head up –> glucose injection

if holding head up –> feed stomach tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do you perform a glucose injection

A

New needle: 19 gauge, 1 inch

New syringe (50ml)

4ml/kg 50% glucose

  • 20ml for a 5kg lamb

6ml/kg hot boiled water

  • 30 ml for a 5kg lamb

Mark the spot with antibiotic spray

  • 1 inch behind and 1/2 to the side of navel

Insert needle, pointing it toward the tail head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when is watery mouth seen

A

1-3 day old lambs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are causes of watery mouth

A

FPT (triplets, young ewe, birth trauma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does watery mouth cause

A

slow GIT motility and high abomasal pH –> decreased colostrum

enterotoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are early signs of watery mouth

A

Cold wet mouth

Reluctance to suck

Dull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are later signs to watery mouth

A

Salivation

Distended abdomen with gas and fluid (‘rattle’)

Recumbency

Diarrhea or constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how is watery mouth diagnosed

A

Typical clinical signs

PME suggestive

C&S for antibiotic efficacy

Definitive diagnosis difficult to confirm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how is watery mouth prevented

A

Ewe nutrition (late pregnancy and early lactation)

  • Management at birth
  • Management of multiples
  • Adequate supplementation when needed

Hygiene (environment and equipment):

  • Clean
  • Dry

Prophylactic antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how is watery mouth treated

A

Oral rehydration fluids, 50ml every 3 hours (with glucose or glucose pre-cursor)

Warm but keep with ewe if possible

NSAIDs (combat endotoxemia)

Oral/parenteral antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the causes of neonatal diarrhea

A

E. coli K99

Cryptosporidiosis

Salmonellosis

Rotavirus — different strain to calves

Lamb dysentry

Coccidiosis (>3 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what causes lamb dysentery

A

Clostridium perfringens type B

43
Q

what are the two forms of lamb dysentery

A

Young lambs (1-3 days old)

  • Sudden death
  • PM hemorrhagic enteritis — jejunum

Older lambs (up to 3 weeks)

  • Abdominal pain
  • Hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • Death
44
Q

how is lamb dysentery diagnosed

A

Toxins β and ε in intestinal contents but most need

45
Q

how is lamb dysentery prevented

A

Vaccination of ewes pre-lambing

Colostrum — early, quality, quantity

46
Q

at what age does enterotoxigenic E coli cause scours

A

<48 hours old

47
Q

what type of diarrhea does enterotoxigenic E coli cause

A

secretory, severe, brown

48
Q

how is enterotoxigenic E coli scours treated

A

prompt fluids

antibiotics

NSAIDs

49
Q

how is enterotoxigenic E coli prevented

A

Hygiene

Colostrum

Isolate sick lambs

50
Q

at what age does cryptosporidium parvum appear in lambs

A

<3 weeks old

51
Q

what type of diarrhea does cryptosporidium parvum cause

A

Profuse watery diarrhea

52
Q

how is cryptosporidium parvum treated

A

Fluid therapy

Halofuginone (Halocur) — not licensed, care esp when dehydrated

53
Q

how is cryptosporidium parvum prevented

A

hygiene

difficult to kill

54
Q

what species of salmonella cause scours

A

Salmonella typhimurium or S. dublin

55
Q

what type of diarrhea does salmonella cause

A

Profuse acidic diarrhea

56
Q

what does salmonella enterotoxin cause

A

dull

dyspneic

57
Q

how is salmonellosis treated

A

fluid (intense)

antibiotics

NSAIDs

58
Q

what cause neonatal bacteriemia

A

opportunistic infections

Immunosuppressed (FPT, concurrent disease)

High environmental contamination

59
Q

what bacteria can cause neonatal bacteremia

A

E. Coli

Mannheimia hemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

Trueperella pyrogens

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

60
Q

what are the causes neonatal bacteriemia

A

Navel ill

Septic polyarthritis

Spinal abscess

Meningitis

Septicemia

Pneumonia

61
Q

what are infection route of access (3)

A
  1. navel ill
  2. meningitis, septic polyarthritis, septicemia
  3. spinal abscess
62
Q

what can cause meningitis, septic polyarthritis, septicemia infection route of access

A

mouth

upper resp tract

umbilicus

63
Q

what can cause spinal abscess

A

infected tail ring

64
Q

what does mild navel ill appear as

A

Slight swelling

+/- serosanguinous to purulent discharge

65
Q

what does severe navel ill cause

A

Depression

+/- pyrexia

Failure to suckle

Painful swelling +/- discharge

66
Q

what can navel ill lead to

A

Hepatic necrobacillosis

Peritonitis

Meningitis

Cystitis

67
Q

how is navel ill treatd

A

Systemic antibiotics:

  • Penicillin, amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid, fluorfenicol
  • Long course minimum 7 days, ideally 10-14 days

NSAIDs

68
Q

how is navel ill prevented

A

Navel treatment

Colostrum

Hygiene

69
Q

what are causative agents of meningitis

A

Variety of causative agents, including E. coli or Staphylococcus aureus

70
Q

at what age can meningitis appear

A

Most 2-4 weeks old, but any time

71
Q

what are the signs of meningitis

A

Failure to suck

Separation from dam

Episcleral congestion

Severe depression

Altered gait >> recumbency

72
Q

how is meningitis treated

A

Poor response to treatment (early antibiotics and corticosteroids)

73
Q

what is the most common causative agent of joint ill

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

74
Q

how is joint ill diagnosed

A

clinical signs

culture

75
Q

how is joint ill treated

A

10-14 days antibiotics

Anti-inflammatories

76
Q

how is joint ill prevented

A

Colostrum + hygiene

77
Q

what is the causative agent of tick borne fever

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum

78
Q

what does tick borne fever cause

A

Pyrexia and immunosuppression:

  • Can be left behind by ewe (hill sheep especially)
  • Pre-disposes to other infections ex. septic polyarthritis

Tick pyaemia (+ Staphylococcus aureus)

  • 2-10 weeks old
  • Lameness, ill thrift
79
Q

what pathogens can cause septicemia

A

ubiquitous commensal bacteria

Peracute pasteurellosis:

  • Ex. Mannheimia hemolytica, Bibersteinia trehalosis
80
Q

how does septicemia present

A

sudden death

81
Q

what can be seen on PM with septicemia

A

PM bacteriology, often few signs

Bibersteinia trehalosis

  • Esophageal ulceration
  • Multiple hemorrhages in carcass
  • Liver — focal grey lesions
82
Q

how is orf treated

A

Symptomatic

Antibiotics

NSAIDs

Feed

83
Q

what are congenital conditions

A

Border disease

Schmallenberg virus

Trace element deficiencies of dams

Toxicities

  • Plants/pharmaceutical/other

Hereditary

84
Q

what is border disease virus

A

Similar to BVD in cattle:

BVD and BDV can interchange between species

High barren rates

Abortion

Congenital deformaties

Persistently infected lambs

Immunosuppression of transiently infected lambs

85
Q

what does border disease virus cause

A

hairy shakers

Low birth weights

Weakness

Limb abnormalities

  • Long, fine bones, immobile joints

Narrow head, short mandible, domed skull

Nervous signs

  • Tremor, ataxia, hypermetria

Hair vs wool

Abnormally pigmented fleece

86
Q

what is schmallenberg virus transmitted by

A

cullicoides

87
Q

what does schmallenberg virus cause

A

Hydranencephaly

Arthrogryposis

‘Dummy’ lambs:

  • Blindness
  • Ataxia
  • Recumbency
  • An inability to suck
  • Sometimes seizures
88
Q

what does blue tongue virus cause

A

‘Dummy lambs’

Blindness

Hydranencephaly

89
Q

what does akabane virus (AUS) cause

A

arthrogryposis

hydraencephalopathy

90
Q

what does copper deficiency in ewes cause

A

Swayback

91
Q

what are the clinical signs of copper eff in lambs

A

Stillbirths, recumbency, weakness leading to swaying/stumbling

92
Q

how is copper deficiency diagnosed

A

Blood or liver copper

Histopathology of lamb brain/spinal cord

93
Q

what does selenium deficiency in ewes lead to in lambs

A

White muscle disease

94
Q

what are the clinical signs of selenium deficiency in lambs

A

Stillborn or weak lambs, sudden deaths, lameness/stiffness

95
Q

how is selenium deficiency diagnosed

A

Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), vitamin E, creatinine kinase, PM/histopathology

96
Q

what are clinical signs of iodine deficiency

A

Stillborn or weak lambs, poorly fleeced, goitre

97
Q

how is iodine deficiency diagnosed

A

Thyroid:body weight ratio, and/or thyroid iodine content

98
Q

how are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency in lambs

A

Reduced lamb vigour/activity

99
Q

how is cobalt deficiency diagnosed

A

serum vit B12

liver cobalt

100
Q

what are hereditary conditions in lambs

A

Entropion

Atresia ani

Ventricular septal defect

Epidermolysis bulls (redfoot) — Suffolk, Welsh mountain, Scottish blackface

Oral lesions, ears, distal limbs

Dandy walker malformation — Suffolk

Hydrocephalus

Hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider syndrome) — Suffolk, Hampshire

Arthrogryposis — Suffolk

Cerebellar abiotrophy — Charollais

101
Q

how are lamb umbilical prolapses treated

A

Keep clean

Broad spectrum antibiotics

NSAIDs

Disinfect

Make hernia slightly bigger if necessary

Carefully replace

Suture

102
Q

what is cow colostrum anemia neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Antibodies to sheep RBCs

Small number of cows affected

Lamb anemia 5-12 days of age

103
Q

how is neonatal isoerythrolysis diagnosed

A

History

PCV

PM (bone marrow)

104
Q

how is neonatal isoerythrolysis prevented

A

Screening test available for cow colostrum

Prevent by pooling colostrum from >4 cows

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions