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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Approach To Group Calf Health > Flashcards

Approach To Group Calf Health Flashcards

1
Q

what information should you gather in the pre calving period

A

History

Feeding (nutritionists?)

Vaccination status

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2
Q

how much space is required per cow in pre calving pens

A

7.5m^2 per cow

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3
Q

how much feed space does a cow need in a pre calving pen

A
  1. 7m (simultaneous)
  2. 3 (ad lib)
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4
Q

what effect does undernutrition have during pregnancy

A

Affects milk yield/quality

Alter mineral status — slow calving syndrome

Increases size of placenta — increases BW of calf?

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5
Q

what affect does over nutrition have during pregnancy

A

Increases BCS of cow — dystocia

Metabolic disease (ketoacidosis, LDA)

Increases BW of calf?

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6
Q

when should you BCS a cow before calving

A

6-8 weeks

feed her what she needs

don’t adjust in last 3 weeks

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7
Q

what records should the farmer have during the pre calving period

A

scanning/PD results

dry period length

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8
Q

what sampling can you take in pre calving period

A

BCS

bloods for NEFA (BHB), urea, albumin, globulin

idodine: TH/metabolism

copper

selenium

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9
Q

what should the BCS be at calving for a dairy cow

A

2.5-3

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10
Q

what is the importance of copper during pre calving

A

growth

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11
Q

what is the importance of selenium in pre calving

A

WMD

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12
Q

what are critcal control points pre calving (5)

A
  1. cows fed too much
  2. cows fed too little
  3. heifers to small to be bred
  4. mineral inbalance
  5. infectious disease status (abortions)
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13
Q

what are possible controls pre calving

A

Dry cow nutrition adjustment (increase/decrease energy/protein/mineral)

Delay breeding heifers

Alterations in environment

Investigate vaccination programme

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14
Q

what are some factors that affect dystocia in cattle

A

season

nutrition

calf sex

age at calving

gestation length

cow body weight

cow BCS

cow pelvic area

breed of cow/bull/calf

calf mortality

twins

calf birth weight

uterine torsion

malpresentation

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15
Q

how can management influence dystocia

A

Sire selection

Heifer growth

Management in pre-partum period

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16
Q

what history can be gathered during calving

A

Stockmanship (what happens when cow calving?)

Feeding calcium?

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17
Q

what size of area is needed for calving

A

12m^2

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18
Q

what should the calving profile of a dairy be

A

How many each month (dairy)

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19
Q

what should the calving profile of a beef be

A

target 9 weeks

long and short problems

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20
Q

what calving records are useful

A
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21
Q

what cow mortality should be a target at calving

A

5% cows, 15% heifers cow mortality at calving

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22
Q

what perinatal mortality should be during the first 24h

A

2%

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23
Q

what sampling can you take during calving

A

PM of dead calves (establish cause — dystocia or issue before calving, liver minerals)

Blood sampling fresh calved cows (Ca)

  • Between 12-48 hours
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24
Q

what are critical control points of calving

A

Control facilities

Stockmanship (supervision and intervention)

Mineral balance

Dystocia — multiple reasons (inappropriate bull, cows too fat, heifers too small)

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25
Q

what are possible control measures at calving

A

Change in bull (especially for heifers)

Change in calving pen environment

Tightened calving interval (easier to watch but…)

Staff training in obstetrics

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26
Q

what are calves born with

A

Low energy store, high thermal stress

No humoral immunity

Direct opening to vascular system (umbilicus)

Massive environmental pathogen challenge

27
Q

what history information can you gather during the neonatal period (4)

A
  1. colostrum management
  2. navel management
  3. stockmanship
  4. vaccination
28
Q

what is the ideal amount of colostrum and when

A

4L in first 4 hours (?beef) –> this is a lot

  • 10-15% of calves BW in first 6-12hrs
  • Split into two feedings

from own mothers milk

clean equip

+/- pasteurization

29
Q

what does good navel managment look like

A

10% iodine (+/- spirit) or oxytet spray

dip not spray

30
Q

what observations can you make during the golden hours

A

What is actually happening?

Look at the calves

Clean equipment (bacteria bind IgG)

Mis-mothering

If calving a cow = good opportunity for observations

31
Q

how many grams of IgG are needed and when

A

150-200g of IgG in first 6-12 hours of life

32
Q

what records are taken during the golden hours

A

Medicine book/computer records (calf and cow diseases/treatment)

  • <5% calves treated (morbidity)

born alive then die

Colostrum records

33
Q

what sampling can you take during the golden hours

A
  1. colostrum quality from cow
  2. assessing colostrum passive transfer in calf
  3. PM of calves
34
Q

how can you assess colostrum quality from cow

A

Visual inspection

Colostrometer (temp dependent = 20ºC)

Brix refractometer (not temp dependent)

35
Q

what is the colostrometer target for good colostrum from cow

A

>1.050 (green) = >50g/L IgG

36
Q

what indicates good colostrum in Brix refractometer

A

>22% = >50g/L IgG

37
Q

how can you assess colostrum passive transfer in the calf

A
  1. total protein
  2. immunoglobulin
  3. RID
  4. GGT
  5. Brix
38
Q

what is the cutoff of total protein that indicates passive transfer

A

below 5.2 – 5.5 g/dL or total serum IgG is below 10 mg/mL.

high risk <50g/L

low risk >60g/L

39
Q

what % on brix would indicate FPT

A

below 8.4%

40
Q

what are critical control points in the golden hours (24hrs)

A
  1. colostrum
  2. navel treatment
  3. environment
  4. susbequent milk feeding
41
Q

what are possibe controls in the golden hours

A

Remove calf from mother 2 hours after birth and stomach tubing 4L colostrum to every calf

Calving beef herd outside towards end of calving

Changing product/method used to treat navel

42
Q

what can be misleading wiht dehydrated calves and assessing FPT

A

dehydrated calves can have artificially high TP levels

43
Q

what is a pre-ruminant

A

first 3 weeks

duration cannot be changed

no fermentation

44
Q

what is the transition period in pre weaning

A

VFA production starts

weaning at 7-8 weeks in dairy

much older in beed

45
Q

how much kg of conc per day needs to be consumed before weaning

A

need to eat 1kg/day in conc

46
Q

how much CP should a milk replacer contain

A

25-27% CP from a milk based protein source (whey)

47
Q

what is important in the pre weaning diet

A

fresh water daily (milk is not a water source)

access to fresh fodder

access to conc from 7 days

48
Q

how should milk be fed during pre weaning

A

Same time each day

Same temperature

Same concentration

49
Q

how much should be fed during pre weaning

A

15% BW/day

2L BID is not enough

50
Q

what should a weaning process in dairy look like

A

6 weeks min

eating 1kg/day conc

gradual reduction in milk

no bloating

no disease

51
Q

what are management tasks in pre weaning that are important to history

A

DH/castration

method used?

52
Q

what are history questions in the pre weaning period

A
  1. management tasks (DH/castration), method used
  2. what happens with sick calves? isolated, avoid adding new calves to diseased pen
  3. treatment protocols
  4. vaccines used
  5. stockmanship
53
Q

how much space does a calf require in pre weaning period

A

45 kg calf needs 2m^2

54
Q

what should the environment of pre weaned calves be like

A

No smell of ammonia (well ventilated)

Minimal draughts

Similar age groups (no more than 5d age difference in groups)

All in all out (even if just done at pen level)

Temperature (15-25ºC neonate, 0-28ºC for 4 weeks)

Clean/dry bedding

30cm per calf feed face

Visual and tactile contact

Adjustments needed as animal grows

55
Q

what records should be taken in pre weaning period

A

Daily live weight gain (DLWG) and range of weights

  1. medicine records (morbidity)
  2. herd register/caving records (mortality)
56
Q

what is the target DLWG in dairycalves

A

700-900g/day minimum (ideally 1kg beef higher)

Double weight in 6 weeks

57
Q

what is the target % of calves treated for diarrhea

A

<10%

58
Q

what is the target % of calves treated for pneumonia

A

<10%

59
Q

what is the target for mortality from birth–weaning

A

5%

60
Q

what samples can be gathered during pre weaning

A

Depends on infectious disease risk/presence

  • Negative on Scottish government BVD scheme

Post mortem

Scour sampling?

Pneumonia pathogen testing?

61
Q

what should you be aware of if you are attempting pathogen specific management of neonatal calf disease

A

Attempting pathogen specific management of neonatal calf disease without attention to common risk factors is very likely to fail

Do it if the result is going to change what measure you advise on farm

Farmers attitude

62
Q

what are critical control points in pre weaning period

A

nutrition

environment

infectious disease control (diarrhea + pneumonia)

63
Q

what are possible controls in pre weaning

A

ncrease volume of milk fed

Open up ridge in roof to improve ventilation

Treat calves with pneumonia for 7 days rather than 3

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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