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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Mechanics of Ewe Obstetrics & Perinatal Conditions > Flashcards

Mechanics of Ewe Obstetrics & Perinatal Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are problems at lambing time

A

abortion

metabolic disease

dystocia

prolapses

metritis

mastitis

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2
Q

what are common themes of preventing lambing problems

A

Good Treatment of ewes/lambs

Selecting replacements

Strict culling policy

Good hygiene

Good nutrition

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3
Q

what are the pros of outdoor lambing

A

Usually more hygienic

Ewes more relaxed

Less mismothering

Less labour (1 shepherd to 600-1000 ewes)

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4
Q

what are the cons of outdoor lambing

A

Harder to catch ewes and lambs

Predation/crows

Risk of hypothermia

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5
Q

what are the pros to indoor lambing

A

Easier to handle ewes and lambs

Close monitoring day and night

Nutrition easier to manage

Less reliant on weather

Hypothermia is less common

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6
Q

what are the cons to indoor lambing

A

Increased risk of infectious disease

Poor ventilation = more pneumonia

Ewes can lie on lambs

More labour (1 sheered to 250-300 ewes)

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7
Q

what is the start of 2nd stage labour

A

Pass water bag (2nd stage labour)

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8
Q

how do you decide when to intervene

A
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9
Q

how do you minimize damage to the ewe

A

Lots of lubrication

Don’t hurry

Gentle manipulation

Avoid excessive traction

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10
Q

what situations can fetal manipulation and manual extraction be used for (4)

A
  1. correctable malpresentations/positions/posture
  2. tangled multiple lambs
  3. no fetomaternal disproportion (may change when corrected)
  4. no severe deformities
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11
Q

what situations can fetotomy be used for (2)

A

often not feasible in sheep

unless rotten lambs falling apart

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12
Q

what situations can caudal epidural, manual extraction be used for (4)

A
  1. ewe appears painful
  2. significant manipulation required
  3. dead lamb with only slight disproportion
  4. episiotomy needed
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13
Q

what situations can caesarean section be used for (7)

A
  1. no progress with lambing with 15 mins
  2. fetomaternal disproportion
  3. large lamb in posterior presentation or ewe with small pelvis
  4. vaginal prolapse – non reducable/swelling impeding pelvis
  5. severe deformities of ewe or lamb
  6. unresponsive ringwomb
  7. unresponsive uterine torsion
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14
Q

what situations can euthanasia be used for (2)

A
  1. dead putrid lamb(s) and sick ewe (can try fluids and meds)
  2. caesarean section but client not willing
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15
Q

what are causes of dystocia

A
  1. abnormal fetal placement
  2. maternal structural/functional factors
  3. fetomaternal disproportion
  4. deformities
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16
Q

what are fetal malpresentations (4)

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. transverse
  4. verticle
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17
Q

what are fetal positions (3)

A
  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. left or right lateral
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18
Q

what are postural abnormalities

A

head and limbs

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19
Q

what are signs of fetomaternal disproportion

A
  1. anterior presentation: forelimbs crossed in birth canal, head deviation
  2. posterior presentation: pelvis doesn’t fit into birth canal
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20
Q

what are maternal functional factors (3)

A
  1. uterine interia: lack of energy, lack of calcium, over-stretching of uterus
  2. uterine torsion: rare in sheep, often don’t see water bag, try rolling to correct
  3. ringwomb
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21
Q

what are possible causes of ringwomb

A

Prematurity/abortion

Disturbance in 1st stage labour

Malpresentation

Calcium deficiency

Exogenous estrogens (ex. fungal Fusarium in feed)

Inflammation/scarring from prolapse/historical injuries

Poor initiation of parturition by lamb?

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22
Q

what is ringwomb

A

cervix less than 5cm dilated 2 hours into 2nd stage labour

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23
Q

how is ringwomb treated

A

Attempt manual dilation, but risk trauma

Calcium injection

Hormonal (prostaglandin but CARE!)

  • Pushing against a closed cervix can cause uterine ruptures

Caesarean section

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24
Q

what are maternal structural issues/deformaties

A

Pelvis narrow or shallow

Abnormal bony protuberances into canal

Previous damage (ex. pelvic fracture)

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25
Q

what are fetal structural issues/deformities

A

Genetic

Infectious (Schmallenburg virus)

Teratogenous plants, medicines etc

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26
Q

what are essential equipment for lambing

A

Lubricant

Disinfect and clean warm water

Clean lambing ropes

Antibiotics

Anti-inflammatories

Calcium (injectable)

Twin lamb drench

Local anesthetic

Clean needs (19 gauge, 1 inch)

Syringes (2ml, 5ml, 10ml, 50ml)

Surgical kit

IV fluids and giving set

Obstetrical tape

Post-mortem needle or Buhner suture needle

Lamb head snare

5 amp electrical cable x 1 meter

Lamb stomach tube

Replacement colostrum

Navel dip (10% iodine solution)

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27
Q

how do you do manual extraction

A

Gentle

Lubrication

Steady

Angle of lamb

Check for more lambs

  • 2nd, 3rd, 4th

Meconium

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28
Q

what leads to a good outcome of c section

A

Lambs alive or freshly dead

Ewe healthy

No excessive trauma of ewe

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29
Q

what are the differences between elective CS and vaginal delivery

A

Ewe and lamb survival similar

Lamb growth rates similar

Subsequent year reduced lamb #s after CS

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30
Q

what medications are given before C section

A

Antibiotic cover (min 5-7 day course)

Anti-inflammatory

Local anesthesia

31
Q

what are meds given after c section

A

oxytocin

32
Q

what analgesia and anesthesia is used for c section

A

Procaine — minor surgeries only

Lignocaine — equine license

  • Quicker onset, longer duration, more potent

Sedations — on cascade from cattle license

NSAIDs — on cascade

  • Meloxicam 1mg/kg (double cattle dose)
33
Q

what do you need to be careful of when using procaine and lignocaine

A

take care not to overdose

34
Q

what local anesthetic methods can be used

A
35
Q

how is the lumbosacral extradural injection done

A

1ml per 4.5kg 2% lignocaine

Warm solution

Inject over 20 seconds

Must keep head and thorax up

  • Don’t want anesthetic going up the spinal canal and causing anesthesia of the thorax and brain

Lay ewe on left hand side for 5 mins

Good visceral relaxation

Prevents straining

May be off legs for 4 hours

36
Q

what should you do in lamb aftercare

A

Check breathing

  • Remove membranes
  • Rub chest vigorously
  • Stick straw up the nose
  • DO NOT swing
  • Dislodge stomach contents and can aspirate
  • DO NOT give mouth to mouth

navel treatment

colostrum

meconium

37
Q

what should you tell the farmer to about after care for c section

A

Colostrum to lambs

Ensure ewe can stand

Ask farmer to:

Check for vaginal discharges and retained fetal membranes

Monitor for wound swelling

Suture out after 2-3 weeks

38
Q

how do you decide whether or not antibiotics should be given after c section

A
39
Q

how is dystocia prevented with nutrition

A

Target BCS 2.5-3.5

Don’t under or overfeed in last trimester

Feed space: ensure all ewes can feed at the same time

40
Q

how is dystocia prevented using selection

A

Cull ewes with difficult lambing

Don’t keep daughters for breeding

Select rams for easy lambing traits

41
Q

what are periparturient diseases

A

prolapses

metritis

mastitis

pre pubic tendon rupture

42
Q

what are the types of prolapses

A

vaginal

uterine

43
Q

when do vaginal prolapses occur

A

Within the last month of pregnancy

can occur post lambing

44
Q

what are risk factors of vaginal prolapses

A

Body condition:

  • Excessive or inadequate condition
  • Gaining weight from start of mating to scanning

Low blood calcium

Breed predisposition

Lack of exercise

Steep sloping fields

Short tail docking (illegal)

Multiple fetuses

Older ewes

Lameness

Bulky feed? (root veg)

45
Q

how are vaginal prolapses treated

A

Check for damage (early intervention best)

Lift to allow urination; check for lambing

Medication:

  • Caudal epidural (lignocaine 1-2ml, xylazine 0.25ml)
  • Antibiotic and NSAIDs

Wash prolapse with dilute disinfectant

Replace gently — flat parts of hands (check for lambing again)

Apply buhner suture

  • 5mm nylon tape
  • Leave 1.5cm opening

Mark for culling

46
Q

what is the aftercare of vaginal prolapses

A

Close monitoring for lambing to open suture

Monitor for excessive straining

Potentially continued anti-inflammatories

Warm cervix may not open fully

  • May need caesarean section
47
Q

what are other forms of retention in a vaginal prolapse besides buhner stitch

A

Spoons

Harness

  • Bought
  • Home made (baler twine)
48
Q

how are vaginal prolapses prevented (5)

A

Nutrition

Effective housing to allow exercise

Breeding: cull and don’t keep daughters to breed

Lameness control — five point plan

Shearing?

49
Q

how can nutrition prevent vaginal prolapses

A

Scan ewes to enable targeted feeding

Target BCS 2.5-3.5

Maintain blood calcium (pre-lambing)

Avoid root crops in late pregnancy

50
Q

when should shearing be done to prevent vaginal prolapses

A

In 3 months prior to breeding

Second half pregnancy (indoor sheep)

51
Q

what are possible sequelae in vaginal prolapses

A

Abortion

Urinary retention — uremia

Infection/necrosis of vaginal wall

Incomplete cervical dilation (ringwomb)

Evisceration through a tear

Death of lambs

Death of ewe

52
Q

what are the costs associated with vaginal prolapses

A

Labour and treatment

Veterinary fees (if needed)

Abortion of lambs

Caesarean section if needed

Death of ewe

53
Q

how are uterine prolapses fixed

A

Position ewe — frog legs

Replacement of prolapse

Check

Clean

Gentle

Ensure full inversion

54
Q

what medication is given to uterine prolapses

A

Antibiotics for 3-5 days

NSAID

Calcium

Oxytocin

  • Promote uterus to contract and reduce the change of re-prolapsing
55
Q

are uterine prolapses likely to recur

A

no no need to cull

56
Q

what are risk factors of metritis

A

Causative agents — environmental contaminants!

Unhygienic lambing

Dead lambs

Some abortive agents

Uterine prolapse

57
Q

what are signs of metritis

A

Signs of toxemia

  • Depression
  • Inappetance
  • Congested mucus membranes

Vulval discharge:

  • Red/brown/purulent
  • Smelly

Vulval swelling

Hungry lambs (decreased milk production, ewe unwilling to stand)

58
Q

how is metritis treated

A

Oral or IV fluids

  • Shock rate of fluids

Systemic antibiotics (min 5-7 days)

NSAID or corticosteroids

59
Q

is the response to treatment of metritis good or poor

A

Response normally good unless concurrent disease:

Retained fetus or membranes

Mastitis

Vaginal rupture and peritonitis

60
Q

what causes malignant edema

A

clostridial

61
Q

what is malignant edema

A

Severe swelling of perineum

Purple/black/red discolouration

Oozing blood tinged discharge from vulva wall and skin

Often die rapidly

62
Q

how do you prevent metritis

A

Avoid unnecessary interference at lambing

Gentle handling of reproductive tract

Good hygiene

Give antibiotics after difficult lambing

63
Q

what are signs of mastitis

A

Abnormal gait

Sick ewe:

  • Inappetance
  • Isolation
  • Depression

Udder:

  • Hot or cold
  • Swollen +/- hard
  • +/- discolouration

Hungry lambs

Milk:

  • Watery
  • Clotted
  • Blood tinged
64
Q

what are predisposing factors of mastitis

A

Most within first 3 weeks of lactation

Inadequate nutrition

Hungry lambs

  • Orf

Teat trauma

Poor hygiene

Cold winds

Poor udder conformation

Young ewes

65
Q

what is poor conformation of udders

A

Teat size

Teat position

Teat angle

Udder drop

66
Q

what are common causative agents of mastitis

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

  • Found in mouths of lambs
  • Especially if lambs suckling multiple ewes

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus spp (coagulase negative

67
Q

what are less common causative agents of mastitis

A
  • Streptococcus spp*
  • E. coli*
  • Leptospira interogans var. hardjo* (ewes appear healthy; poor milk production)
  • Maedi-visna virus* (indurative mastitis)
  • Mycoplasma agalactiae* —not in UK (notifiable)
68
Q

what are the types of mastitis

A

sub clinical

acute

chronic

gangrenous

69
Q

what are the treatment options of mastitis

A

Prompt! Saves lives

Clean and milk out

Antibiotics

  • Long acting amoxicillin
  • Tilmicosin

Anti-inflammatories

Intramammary

Feed the lambs!

Gangrenous mastitis

  • IV fluids?
  • Euthanasia?
70
Q

what are prevention of mastitis

A

Nutrition/BCS

Good hygiene

Orf prevention

Cull/select ewes

  • Mark at the time to cull later
  • Pre-breeding check for lumps

Prevent cold exposure

Feed lambs when low milk

71
Q

what are costs of mastitis

A

Ewe (++) and lamb deaths

Reduced lamb growth rates

Unplanned culling of ewes

Treatment

72
Q

what is prepubic tendon rupture

A

Older multigravid ewes in late pregnancy

Swelling of lower left abdomen, cranial to pubis

73
Q

what are the signs of pre pubic tendon rupture

A

Difficulty moving/feeding

Prone to pregnancy toxemia

Extensive ventral edema

Ventral displacement of uterus

Most require assistance with lambing

74
Q

what is the treatment of pre pubic tendon rupture

A

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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