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Module 18: Ruminant Production > Neonatal Calf Diarrhea > Flashcards

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

what is calf diarrhea

A

rapid movement of fluids through the intestines resulting in poor absorption of water, nutritive elements and electrolytes

may be bloody, watery or yellow or generally of a consistency looser than normal

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2
Q

why worry about calf scours

A

Scouring calves are expensive:

  • Calf losses
  • Treatment costs
  • Time costs
  • Reduced live weight gain

Calf welfare

Humans can catch some of the bugs that cause diarrhea in calves —> public health concerns

Antibiotic resistance issues

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3
Q

what is the mainstay treatment of calf scours

A

fluids

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4
Q

how do you prevent calf scours (2)

A
  1. boosting the calf’s immunity and resistance to disease
  2. minimizing infectious pressure
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5
Q

how do you boost the calf’s immune and resistance to disease

A

Calves are born without protective, disease-fighting proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulins (IgGs)

Calves absorb IgGs through their gut wall into their blood in the first 6-12 hours of life when they are fed enough, good quality colostrum early enough

This enables them to fight infection

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6
Q

when should you give colostrum

A

6-12 hours of life allows the best absorption of colostral antibodies

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7
Q

how often should you feed calves

A

fed twice daily for first 3 weeks of life as their stomach capacity is only 1.5-2L (SID not enough)

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8
Q

how should you store colostrum

A

in a pail with a lid and stirred often

fridge or freezer when not using

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9
Q

which cows will not supply good colostrum

A

heifers and sick cows won’t have as antibody rich

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10
Q

when should colostrum be collected from dam

A

milked asap after calving

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11
Q

what volume of colostrum is need as first feed

A

2L

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12
Q

how do you minimize infectious pressure in dairy (5)

A
  1. should be dry and draught free with good ventilation, partitions between calf pens should be solid
  2. clean dry bedding, replaced completely between seasons and refreshed during
  3. calves need min of 1.5m^2. no moree than 100 calves/shed and no more than 20 calves/pen
  4. all in all out
  5. calf housing should be at least 20m from milking shed
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13
Q

how do beef calves become infected with scour pathogens

A

mature beef cows carry the scours pathogens and shed the pathogen on the ground in manure. Newborn calves often pick up the pathogen and may not become sick, but their guts serve as pathogen-multipliers

these calves shed an increasing load of pathogen and newborn calves pick these pathogens up –> dose load is overwhelming

And if a beef herd calves on the same area year after year, the soil can also be contaminated with scour-causing pathogens.

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14
Q

how do you prevent scours in beef herds

A

sandhills system

So by keeping the more vulnerable newborn calves on clean ground away from the higher-risk two-week and older calves, the risk of a scours outbreak is greatly reduced.

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15
Q

how should you manage sick calves

A
  1. quarantine: bought in animals
  2. feed sick calves last and use separate feeder
  3. remove sick calves promptly from healthy ones and move them
  4. biosecurity: clean boots, overalls
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16
Q

what is secretory diarrhea

A

electrolytes excreted due to altered electrolyte pumps and water follows

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17
Q

what is osmotic diarrhea

A

water drawn into intestinal lumen

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18
Q

what is malabsorptive diarrhea

A

intestinal lining damaged

can no longer absorb

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19
Q

what pathogen causes small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

A

e coli

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20
Q

what causes acidosis

A

bacterial fermentation in GI tract –> D lactate

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21
Q

what are bacterial causes of scours

A

Salmonella

E. coli

Campylobacter

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22
Q

what are the viral causes of scours

A

Rotavirus

Coronavirus

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23
Q

what are parasitic causes of scours

A

Coccidiosis

Cryptosporidium

Worms

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24
Q

what is nutritional scours

A

due to changes in feeding freq or temp

no infectious causes

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25
Q

what type of bacteria is e coli (ETEC)

A

enterotoxin

gram negative faculatatively anaerobic rod bacteria found in environment

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26
Q

what is the pathophysiology of E coli and what type of diarrhea does it cause

A

Hypersecretion/non-absorption of fluid in distal small intestine (low pH kills bacteria)

K99 antigen allows binding to intestine

Heat stable toxin causes Cl and bicarb secretion —> water follows by osmosis

secretory and osmotic diarrhea

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27
Q

what age does E coli affect

A

<5 days

older have lower abdominal pH so its destroyed

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28
Q

what are the signs of e coli

A

Young (<5d)

Profuse foul smelling scour

Sick calf

+/- blood

+/- pyrexia

Wet mouth

Distended watery abdomen

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29
Q

what vaccine is available for E coli

A

Scourgard (Zoetitis)

Scour Bos (Elanco)

OR in UK

Rotavec corona and lactoserum (locatim)

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30
Q

what other e coli can cause scours

A

enteropathogenic e coli (EPEC)

enterohemorrhagic e coli (EHEC) aka verocytoxin producing e coli (VTEC) shiga toxin (verotoxin)

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31
Q

what scours do EPEC, EHEC cause

A

scour with blood, older calves

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32
Q

what salmonella spp cause scours

A

dublin

typhimurium

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33
Q

what age does salmonella affect

A

any

mainly <2 months

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34
Q

how do calves get salmonella

A

environmental (carrier animals) or mothers milk

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35
Q

what is the pathophysiology of salmonella

A

Engulfed into intestinal lymphoid cells, massive inflammatory response

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36
Q

what type of diarrhea does salmonella cause

A

malabsorption/osmotic endotoxin

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37
Q

what are the signs of salmonella

A

Pyrexia

+/- blood

Septicaemia

Vascular necrosis

Other signs in herd

  • Adult scours
  • Abortion

Death quickly

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38
Q

what is seen on PM with salmonella scours

A

ulceration of gall bladder

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39
Q

what vaccine is available for scours

A

Bovivac S

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40
Q

what age does rotavirus affect

A

5-21 days

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41
Q

how do calves get rotavirus

A

adult immune carriers

environment

found in normal calves

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42
Q

what is the pathophysiology of rotavirus

A

Invade enterocytes

Replicates then kills cell —> flattens the enterocytes so they cannot absorb any nutrients

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43
Q

what kind of diarrhea does rotavirus cause

A

secretory

loss of surface area

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44
Q

what are the signs of rotavirus

A

Older

White scour

Dehydrated

No blood or septicemia

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45
Q

what vaccine is available for rotavirus

A

Scourgard (Zoetitis)

Scour Bos (Elanco)

46
Q

what is the pathophysiology of coronavirus

A

Proximal SI then spreads

Becomes intracellular

Infects mature enterocytes and crypt cells

similar to rotavirus

47
Q

what age does cryptosporidium affect

A

1 week - 3 months

48
Q

what is the source of cryptosporidium

A

protozoa in environment

49
Q

what is the pathophysiology of cryptosporidium

A

Invagination of luminal membrane (intracellular but outside cytoplasm)

Villous atrophy

Crypt hyperplasia

Increased cell permeability

Apoptosis

50
Q

what type of diarrhea does cryptosporidium cause

A

malabsorption/osmotic

51
Q

what are the signs of cryptosporidium

A

less severe systemic signs

dehydrated

no blood or septicemia

52
Q

what is the issue with treating cryptosporidium

A

its intracellular

hard for drugs to reach

53
Q

what specific product is licensed for cryptosporidium

A

halofuginone = halocur

54
Q

how do you disinfect the environment to get rid of cryptosporidium

A

ammonia based

55
Q

what age does coccidiosis affect

A

3 weeks to 3 months

56
Q

what is the pathophysiology of coccidiosis

A

Rupture of enterocytes

57
Q

what type of diarrhea does coccidiosis cause

A

malabsorptive/osmotic

58
Q

what are the signs of coccidiosis

A

Older

Black/bloody scour

Abdominal pain

Tenesmus

59
Q

what are the species of coccidiosis and their virulence

A

Species vary in virulence (Eimeria bovis, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria alabamensis)

Adult immunity

60
Q

what is necrotic enteritis

A

7-10 week old beef calves

at grass

etiology unknown

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis

A

pyrexia

acute diarrhea

dysentery

anemia

62
Q

what is the pathophysiology of necrotic eneteritis

A

ulcerative

63
Q

what is the morbidity, and mortality of necrotic enteritis

A

low morbidity <10%

high mortality 80%

64
Q

what age does clostridium perfringens type C cause scours

A

7 28 days

65
Q

what are the signs of clostridium scours

A

sudden death

blood tinged diarrhea

66
Q

how do you diagnosed what the cause of scours is

A

Test a group of calves for all major pathogens (relevant to the age of sick calves( to get the complete picture

If not enough untreated calves available, could consider samples from calves treated with antibiotics — risk failing to culture Salmonella

Potentially could also take samples from slightly younger in contact calves as shedding for Rotavirus and Crypto will often occur before clinical disease

67
Q

why is diagnosis important

A

Specific treatment for E. coli, Salmonella, cryptosporidium, coccidia

Preventative vaccine for rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli, salmonella

But regardless of the cause the mainstay of any calf diarrhea treatment plan is fluids

68
Q

how would you pathogen test

A

Clinical clues might help in 1st instance

Fecal sample

  • Culture (bacteria)
  • Virology (coronavirus/rotavirus)
  • Parasitology (cocci and crypto)

Calf side tests (ELISA)

PM

Histopathology

69
Q

how do you interpret pathogen testing

A

Hard to interpret —> does presence of pathogen = disease?

Often mixed infections

Does the pathogen matter

Before you test — think will the outcome of this test change the way I manage this individual or group in future?

Often farmer will ask “where did that come from?”

It was there the whole time

70
Q

what are the treatment options for calf scours

A

Rehydration is critical:

The infectious organism will very rarely kill the calf, but dehydration will kill the calf

Fluid therapy should be mainstay of any calf scours treatment protocol

71
Q

what are the consequences of scouring

A

Dehydration/hypovolemia

Azotemia (reduced renal perfusion)

Electrolyte loses (Na, Cl)

Acidosis (D-lactate from small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, L-lactate from hypoxia and bicarbonate lost)

Hyperkalemia (hydrogen exchanged for potassium) = cardiac arrhythmia = death

72
Q

how do you assess the individual calf

A

no time to wait for diagnostics

clinical exam:

Demeanour:

  • Suckle reflex*
  • Recumbency*
  • * = signs of acidosis

Temperature: ****

  • Pyrexic (>39.5ºC)
  • Hypothermic (<38.6º)

Respiratory rate

Nature of scour — blood?

73
Q

how do you measure dehydration

A

Eyeball sunniness

How quickly the skin returns to normal after tenting

Mucous membrane moisture

74
Q

what % of dehydration is considered fatal

A

12-14%

75
Q

describe how a calf would appear

<5%

6-8% (mild)

8-10% (moderate)

10-12% (severe)

>12%

A
76
Q

how does metabolic acidosis present in the calf

A

Progressive depression

Decreased suckle reflex

Weakness and incoordination

Inability to stand or sit up

Coma

Finally… death

77
Q

why does metabolic acidosis occur in calves with diarrhea

A

Intestinal loss of sodium

Loss of bicarbonate into the gut

Lactic acid production in shocked tissues

Volatile fatty acid production in the colon from partially digested food

78
Q

what is D lactate

A

Produced by poor fermentation of CHO in intestines due to SI bacterial overgrowth

L-lactate anaerobic metabolism

Contributes considerably to neurological signs of acidosis

Not detected by hand-held lactate meter

79
Q

how do you assess the extent of acidosis

A
80
Q

if the calf is able to stand, <7% dehydrated and no acidosis signs what fluid management would you do

A

oral fluids

81
Q

if the calf is recumbent, 7-9% dehydrated and slightly acidotic what fluid management would you do

A

IVFT

82
Q

if the calf is recumbent, >9% dehydrated and moderate to severe acidosis what fluid management would you d

A

IVFT + bicarb

83
Q

how much fluid should you give

A

deficit = % dehydration x BW

maintenance = 50-100ml/kg/day

on-going losses = ?

84
Q

how much fluid would you give a 50kg 10% dehydrated calf

A

DEFICIT = 10% x 50kg = 5L

MAINTENANCE = 50m x 50kg = 2.5L for 24 hours

2L for ongoing losses

TOTAL = 9.5L/day

(2x 5L bags)

85
Q

which IV fluid should you use?

A

No perfect fluid

UK — none contain bicarb

Lactate/acetate = bicarb precursors = alkalinizing

Hypertonic

86
Q

what fluid should you use for mild acidosis

A

Lactated/acetate fluids ex. lactated ringers

87
Q

what fluid should you use for moderate acidosis

A

Lactated/acetate fluids + 15g bicarb

88
Q

what fluid should you use for severe acidosis

A

Lactated/acetate fluids + 35g bicarb (OR bolus 10ml/kg of 8.4% hypertonic sodium bicarb)

89
Q

if you are in doubt about what fluid what should you do

A

correct dehydration first

then decide about bircarb

90
Q

describe the fluid types and what they contain

A
91
Q

what fluid should you not add bicarb spike to

A

fluid containing Ca (hartmans/ringers) = precipitation

92
Q

how do you administer bicarb

A

slowly ie AFTER shock rate

only admin bicarb in calves >7 days old that failed to respond to fluids only and that have clear signs of acidosis

93
Q

what rate can you admin glucose

A

35ml/kg 10%

94
Q

what rate should you administer fluids

A

initially 80ml/kg/hr or half volume in first hour

then 30-50ml/kg/hour

(for the prev example 4.75L of the total 9.5L in first hour = 4750ml = 95,000 drips/hour in a 20drip/min set =

1583 drips/min (divided by 60)

= 26 drips/sec

fully open for first hour then 13 drips/sec

95
Q

should you admin bicarb at 80ml/kg/hour

A

no

96
Q

what are the problems with setting up IV fluids

A

venopuncture difficult (low BP, dry skin)

calf moving

on farm

97
Q

how do you set up IV fluids

A

Jugular (or ear vein)

Clip and prep

+/- cut down

+/- elevate hind end

Insert catheter (14-16g) through skin then into vein

Secure with suture via butterfly

Attach giving set (coiled) and secure via suture at ear

Confine animal +/- tie legs together

Fluid bag at heigh

Bailer twine, wire coat hanger

98
Q

what should oral fluids contain

A

Sodium

Other electrolytes (chloride, potassium)

High strong ion differences

Energy source

Alkalinizing agent (acetate and propionate = precursors) ideally not bicarb = milk clot formation altered, high pH, facilitates E. coli SIBO

99
Q

what is key when giving oral fluids

A

keep the calf on milk!

oral fluids are not enough to sustain calf

100
Q

what are the features of the ideal oral fluid

A
101
Q

why is mixing milk and electrolyte products not recommended

A

The electrolyte should not be mixed with milk and the two feeds should be separated by at least 1.5 hours

Scouring calves need fluid replacement and separating the electrolytes and milk feeds allows faster rehydration

Feeding oral electrolytes and milk together may interfere with casein coagulation in abomasum

102
Q

what is the treatment beyond fluids

A

Treat/prevent septicemia/bacteremia

Decrease number of coliform (SIBO)

Encourage immunity/resistance

Provide nutrition

Control pain

103
Q

when would antimicrobials be indicated

A

Yes if:

Systemic signs (pyrexia, decreased appetite, lethargy — E. coli)

Blood/mucosa present

Suspect Salmonella or E. coli

104
Q

what antimicrobial would you use for scours

A

Licensed (often off label)

Gram negative bactericidal

Parenteral rather than oral

Ex. TMPS (AKA sulfadimethoxine)

105
Q

what analgesia should you give

A

NSAIDs:

Analgesic/anti-inflammatory/anti-endotoxic agents

Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg)

  • Contraindicated in dehydrated calves! Only if corrected dehydration
  • Decreased renal perfusion and nephrotoxicity
106
Q

why are steroids not advised

A

diarrhea calves already have high steroid levels

immunosuppression

107
Q

what is halofuginone

A

Not much evidence

Cryptosporadiostatic, reduces shedding but doesn’t kill ocysts

SID for 7d, orally

Not empty stomach

Administer in oral fluids

Toxic at 2x dose

108
Q

what treatments can be given for coccidiosis

A

Decoquinate (Decoxx)

Diclazuril (Vecoxan) treatment and prevention in lambs, aid control calves

Toltrazuril (Baycox) prevent clinical signs, reduce shedding

Sulphonamides

109
Q

what nursing should be done to calves

A

Isolate from other calves

Keep warm (jackets)

Access to fresh, clean water

Feeding of milk —> little and often

Monitor response to treatment

Other treatments:

Limited evidence for B vitamins, probiotics, protectants/absorbents, GI motility modifiers

110
Q

what vaccinations are available

A

vaccinate mother antibodies in colostrum

but not a susbtitute for good management

rotavec corona

locatim (colostrum supplement)

E coli k99

60ml 4-12 hours after birth

Module 18: Ruminant Production (25 decks)

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