Superficial Head & Neck Flashcards
The muscles of the scalp and face develop from…
mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arch
All facial muscles are innervated by…
CN VII facial nerve
What are the main actions of occipitofrontalis muscle?
- Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
- Protracts scalp (surprise)
- Retracts scalp
What are the main actions of orbicularis oculi (orbital sphincter) muscle?
Closes eyelids: gently and tightly
What are the main actions of corrugator supercilii muscle?
Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly, creating vertical wrinkles above nose (worry)
What are the main actions of procerus plus transverse part of nasalis muscles?
Depresses medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (disdain)
What are the main actions of alar part of nasalis plus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles?
Depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal aperture (flaring nostrils)
Helps to elevate upper lip
What are the main actions of orbicularis oris muscle?
Tonus closes oral fissure; phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips (kissing) or resists distension (when blowing)
What are the main actions of levator labii superioris muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)
What are the main actions of zygomaticus minor muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)
What are the main actions of buccinator muscle?
Presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)
What are the main actions of zygomaticus major muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; elevate labial commissure– bilaterally to smile, unilaterally to sneer
What are the main actions of levator anguli oris muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; widens oral fissure, as when grinning or grimacing
What are the main actions of risorius muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth, depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown
What are the main actions of depressor anguli oris muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown
What are the main actions of depressor labii inferioris muscle?
Part of dilators of mouth; retracts (depresses) and/or everts lower lip (pouting)
What are the main actions of mentalis muscle?
Elevates and protrudes lower lip; elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)
What are the main actions of platysma muscle?
Depresses mandible (against resistance); tenses skin of inferior face and neck (tension and stress)
Name the five “smiling muscles”
- Levator labii superioris
- Zygomaticus major
- Levator anguli oris
- Risoris
- Orbicularis oculi
What are the three parts of orbicularis oculi?
- Palpebral
- Orbital
- Lacrimal
Name the eight “frowning muscles”
- Depressor labii inferioris
- Depressor anguli oris
- Platysma
- Orbicularis oris
- Orbicularis oculi
- Corrugator supercilli
- Procerus
- Mentalis
What is the innervation of the masseter?
V3 mandibular branch of CN V trigeminal
What is the sphincter muscle of the palpebral fissure?
Orbicularis oculi
What is the dilator muscle of the palpebral fissure?
Levator palpebrae superioris and occipitofrontalis
(anterior portion is frontalis and posterior portion is occipitalis)
What is the sphincter muscle of the oral fissure?
Orbicularis oris
What is the dilator muscle of the oral fissure?
All muscles of oral movement except mentalis
What are the six components of the parotid region?
- Parotid gland
- Parotid duct
- Parotid plexus of CN VII
- Retromandibular vein
- External carotid artery
- Masseter muscle
Name three salivary glands
- Parotid glands
- Submandibular glands
- Sublingual glands
What are the functions of saliva?
- Maintains moist environment for oral mucosa
- Lubrication during chewing
- Digestion and break down of starches
- Prevention of tooth decay/maintenance of biofilm
Which gland is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
Where is the parotid gland?
Anteroinferior to external acoustic meatus
The parotid sheath/capsule is derived from…
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
What ligament is contained within the parotid sheath/capsule?
Stylomandibular ligament
Describe the path of the parotid duct
- Runs horizontally with buccal nerve from anterior of gland
- Pierces buccinator
- Enters oral cavity at opposite 2nd maxillary molar
What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the face?
CN VII facial
Which branches of the facial nerve are responsible for motor innervation of the face?
- Posterior auricular nerve
- Terminal branches of the parotid plexus
Name five terminal branches of the parotid plexus
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
What cranial nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face?
CN V trigeminal
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve providing sensory innervation to the face?
- Ophthalmic (V1)
- Maxillary (V2)
- Mandibular (V3)
What branches from the ophthalmic nerve V1?
- Supraorbital nerve
- Supratrochlear nerve
What branches from the maxillary nerve V2?
Infraorbital nerve
What branches from the mandibular nerve V3?
Sensory and motor:
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Mental nerve
- Buccal nerve
Does CN VII facial innervate the parotid gland?
No
The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of…
V3 (mandibular nerve)
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
- Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3 mandibular nerve)
- CN IX – otic ganglion
What is the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
External carotid plexus
What are the sensory fibers innervating the parotid gland?
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Great auricular nerve
What are the two main arteries supplying the face?
- Facial artery
- Superficial temporal artery
The facial artery is a branch of…
external carotid artery
What are the branches off the facial artery?
- Inferior labial artery
- Superior labial artery
- Angular artery
The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of…
external carotid artery
What branches off of the superficial temporal artery?
Transverse facial artery
What are the two main veins draining the face?
- Facial vein
- Retromandibular vein
The facial vein communicates with… draining into…
communicates with superior ophthalmic vein draining into cavernous sinus
The retromandibular vein is a union of…
superficial temporal and maxillary veins
The retromandibular vein divides into what divisions?
Anterior and posterior
The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the…
common facial vein
The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the common facial vein
Where does the common facial vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
The posterior division of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein form the…
external jugular vein
What two veins form the common facial vein?
Anterior division of retromandibular vein and facial vein
What two veins form the external jugular vein?
Posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein
Describe the veins in the danger triangle of the face
- Facial vein has no valves
- Communication between facial vein and cavernous sinus means potential for spread of infection
Name the five lymph nodes included in the superficial ring (pericervical collar) draining the face
- Submental
- Submandibular
- Parotid
- Mastoid
- Occipital
Superficial lymph vessels of the face follow…
veins
Deep lymph vessels of the face follow…
arteries
All lymphatic drainage of the face goes to… along…
goes to deep cervical lymph nodes along internal jugular vein
What are the two cervical fascias?
Superficial and deep cervical fascias
What are three components of the superficial cervical fascia?
- Cervical subcutaneous tissue
- Contains the platysma
- Contains superficial nerves and vessels
What are some functions of deep cervical fascia?
- Support cervical viscera
- Form carotid sheath
- Limit infection spread
- Reduce friction between moving structures and surgical planes
What are the three layers of deep cervical fascia?
- Investing
- Pretracheal
- Prevertebral
Origin and insertion of platysma
O: Fascia overlying pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
I: Inferior border of mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face
Innervation of platysma
CN VII facial
Actions of platysma
- Draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it
- Draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched
Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid
O: sternal head- anterior surface of manubrium; clavicular head- superior surface of medial third clavicle
I: lateral surface of mastoid process, temporal; lateral half of superior nuchal line
Innervation of sternocleidomastoid
- CN XI spinal accessory nerve
- C3 and C4 pain and proprioception
What action is achieved by unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid?
Tilts head to same side (lateral flexion) and rotates it so face is turned superiorly toward opposite side
With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, which joint is the neck extended at?
Atlanto-occipital joints
With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, the cervical vertebrae are flexed so that the chin…
approaches manubrium
With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, cervical vertebrae are fixed, and manubrium and medial ends of clavicles are elevated
What does this assist with?
Pump-handle action of deep respiration
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Trapezius, SCM, clavicle
The posterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?
- Occipital triangle
- Subclavian triangle
The anterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?
- Submandibular (digastric triangle)
- Submental triangle
- Carotid triangle
- Muscular triangle
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
SCM, midline, mandible
What is the innervation of the superficial neck?
Cervical plexus
What is included in the cervical plexus?
- Ventral rami of C1-C4
- Cutaneous branches
- Nerve point of the neck (Erb’s point)
Nerve point of the neck (Erb’s point) is included in the cervical plexus
What is included in the nerve point of the neck?
- Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
- Great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)
- Transverse cervical nerve (C2 and C3)
- Supraclavicular nerves (C3 and C4) (medial, intermediate, lateral)
What artery may be seen in the superficial neck?
Transverse cervical artery
What two main veins drain the superficial neck?
- Anterior jugular vein
- External jugular vein
What two veins form the external jugular vein?
- Posterior division of retromandibular vein
- Posterior auricular vein
What veins drain into the anterior jugular vein?
Submandibular veins
Where will the anterior jugular vein drain to?
External jugular or subclavian veins
