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Gross Anatomy III > Superficial Head & Neck > Flashcards

Superficial Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

The muscles of the scalp and face develop from…

A

mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arch

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2
Q

All facial muscles are innervated by…

A

CN VII facial nerve

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3
Q

What are the main actions of occipitofrontalis muscle?

A
  • Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
  • Protracts scalp (surprise)
  • Retracts scalp
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4
Q

What are the main actions of orbicularis oculi (orbital sphincter) muscle?

A

Closes eyelids: gently and tightly

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5
Q

What are the main actions of corrugator supercilii muscle?

A

Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly, creating vertical wrinkles above nose (worry)

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6
Q

What are the main actions of procerus plus transverse part of nasalis muscles?

A

Depresses medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (disdain)

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7
Q

What are the main actions of alar part of nasalis plus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles?

A

Depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal aperture (flaring nostrils)
Helps to elevate upper lip

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8
Q

What are the main actions of orbicularis oris muscle?

A

Tonus closes oral fissure; phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips (kissing) or resists distension (when blowing)

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9
Q

What are the main actions of levator labii superioris muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)

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10
Q

What are the main actions of zygomaticus minor muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)

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11
Q

What are the main actions of buccinator muscle?

A

Presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)

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12
Q

What are the main actions of zygomaticus major muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; elevate labial commissure– bilaterally to smile, unilaterally to sneer

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13
Q

What are the main actions of levator anguli oris muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; widens oral fissure, as when grinning or grimacing

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14
Q

What are the main actions of risorius muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth, depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown

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15
Q

What are the main actions of depressor anguli oris muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown

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16
Q

What are the main actions of depressor labii inferioris muscle?

A

Part of dilators of mouth; retracts (depresses) and/or everts lower lip (pouting)

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17
Q

What are the main actions of mentalis muscle?

A

Elevates and protrudes lower lip; elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)

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18
Q

What are the main actions of platysma muscle?

A

Depresses mandible (against resistance); tenses skin of inferior face and neck (tension and stress)

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19
Q

Name the five “smiling muscles”

A
  • Levator labii superioris
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Levator anguli oris
  • Risoris
  • Orbicularis oculi
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20
Q

What are the three parts of orbicularis oculi?

A
  • Palpebral
  • Orbital
  • Lacrimal
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21
Q

Name the eight “frowning muscles”

A
  • Depressor labii inferioris
  • Depressor anguli oris
  • Platysma
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Orbicularis oculi
  • Corrugator supercilli
  • Procerus
  • Mentalis
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22
Q

What is the innervation of the masseter?

A

V3 mandibular branch of CN V trigeminal

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23
Q

What is the sphincter muscle of the palpebral fissure?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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24
Q

What is the dilator muscle of the palpebral fissure?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris and occipitofrontalis
(anterior portion is frontalis and posterior portion is occipitalis)

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25
Q

What is the sphincter muscle of the oral fissure?

A

Orbicularis oris

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26
Q

What is the dilator muscle of the oral fissure?

A

All muscles of oral movement except mentalis

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27
Q

What are the six components of the parotid region?

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Parotid duct
  • Parotid plexus of CN VII
  • Retromandibular vein
  • External carotid artery
  • Masseter muscle
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28
Q

Name three salivary glands

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
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29
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • Maintains moist environment for oral mucosa
  • Lubrication during chewing
  • Digestion and break down of starches
  • Prevention of tooth decay/maintenance of biofilm
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30
Q

Which gland is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

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31
Q

Where is the parotid gland?

A

Anteroinferior to external acoustic meatus

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32
Q

The parotid sheath/capsule is derived from…

A

investing layer of deep cervical fascia

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33
Q

What ligament is contained within the parotid sheath/capsule?

A

Stylomandibular ligament

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34
Q

Describe the path of the parotid duct

A
  • Runs horizontally with buccal nerve from anterior of gland
  • Pierces buccinator
  • Enters oral cavity at opposite 2nd maxillary molar
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35
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the face?

A

CN VII facial

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36
Q

Which branches of the facial nerve are responsible for motor innervation of the face?

A
  • Posterior auricular nerve
  • Terminal branches of the parotid plexus
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37
Q

Name five terminal branches of the parotid plexus

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Marginal mandibular
  • Cervical
38
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face?

A

CN V trigeminal

39
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve providing sensory innervation to the face?

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1)
  • Maxillary (V2)
  • Mandibular (V3)
40
Q

What branches from the ophthalmic nerve V1?

A
  • Supraorbital nerve
  • Supratrochlear nerve
41
Q

What branches from the maxillary nerve V2?

A

Infraorbital nerve

42
Q

What branches from the mandibular nerve V3?

A

Sensory and motor:

  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Mental nerve
  • Buccal nerve
43
Q

Does CN VII facial innervate the parotid gland?

A

No

44
Q

The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of…

A

V3 (mandibular nerve)

45
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

A
  • Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3 mandibular nerve)
  • CN IX – otic ganglion
46
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

A

External carotid plexus

47
Q

What are the sensory fibers innervating the parotid gland?

A
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Great auricular nerve
48
Q

What are the two main arteries supplying the face?

A
  • Facial artery
  • Superficial temporal artery
49
Q

The facial artery is a branch of…

A

external carotid artery

50
Q

What are the branches off the facial artery?

A
  • Inferior labial artery
  • Superior labial artery
  • Angular artery
51
Q

The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of…

A

external carotid artery

52
Q

What branches off of the superficial temporal artery?

A

Transverse facial artery

53
Q

What are the two main veins draining the face?

A
  • Facial vein
  • Retromandibular vein
54
Q

The facial vein communicates with… draining into…

A

communicates with superior ophthalmic vein draining into cavernous sinus

55
Q

The retromandibular vein is a union of…

A

superficial temporal and maxillary veins

56
Q

The retromandibular vein divides into what divisions?

A

Anterior and posterior

57
Q

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the…

A

common facial vein

58
Q

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the common facial vein
Where does the common facial vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

59
Q

The posterior division of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein form the…

A

external jugular vein

60
Q

What two veins form the common facial vein?

A

Anterior division of retromandibular vein and facial vein

61
Q

What two veins form the external jugular vein?

A

Posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein

62
Q

Describe the veins in the danger triangle of the face

A
  • Facial vein has no valves
  • Communication between facial vein and cavernous sinus means potential for spread of infection
63
Q

Name the five lymph nodes included in the superficial ring (pericervical collar) draining the face

A
  • Submental
  • Submandibular
  • Parotid
  • Mastoid
  • Occipital
64
Q

Superficial lymph vessels of the face follow…

A

veins

65
Q

Deep lymph vessels of the face follow…

A

arteries

66
Q

All lymphatic drainage of the face goes to… along…

A

goes to deep cervical lymph nodes along internal jugular vein

67
Q

What are the two cervical fascias?

A

Superficial and deep cervical fascias

68
Q

What are three components of the superficial cervical fascia?

A
  • Cervical subcutaneous tissue
  • Contains the platysma
  • Contains superficial nerves and vessels
69
Q

What are some functions of deep cervical fascia?

A
  • Support cervical viscera
  • Form carotid sheath
  • Limit infection spread
  • Reduce friction between moving structures and surgical planes
70
Q

What are the three layers of deep cervical fascia?

A
  • Investing
  • Pretracheal
  • Prevertebral
71
Q

Origin and insertion of platysma

A

O: Fascia overlying pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
I: Inferior border of mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face

72
Q

Innervation of platysma

A

CN VII facial

73
Q

Actions of platysma

A
  • Draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it
  • Draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched
74
Q

Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid

A

O: sternal head- anterior surface of manubrium; clavicular head- superior surface of medial third clavicle
I: lateral surface of mastoid process, temporal; lateral half of superior nuchal line

75
Q

Innervation of sternocleidomastoid

A
  • CN XI spinal accessory nerve
  • C3 and C4 pain and proprioception
76
Q

What action is achieved by unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Tilts head to same side (lateral flexion) and rotates it so face is turned superiorly toward opposite side

77
Q

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, which joint is the neck extended at?

A

Atlanto-occipital joints

78
Q

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, the cervical vertebrae are flexed so that the chin…

A

approaches manubrium

79
Q

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, cervical vertebrae are fixed, and manubrium and medial ends of clavicles are elevated
What does this assist with?

A

Pump-handle action of deep respiration

80
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Trapezius, SCM, clavicle

81
Q

The posterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?

A
  • Occipital triangle
  • Subclavian triangle
82
Q

The anterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?

A
  • Submandibular (digastric triangle)
  • Submental triangle
  • Carotid triangle
  • Muscular triangle
83
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

SCM, midline, mandible

84
Q

What is the innervation of the superficial neck?

A

Cervical plexus

85
Q

What is included in the cervical plexus?

A
  • Ventral rami of C1-C4
  • Cutaneous branches
  • Nerve point of the neck (Erb’s point)
86
Q

Nerve point of the neck (Erb’s point) is included in the cervical plexus
What is included in the nerve point of the neck?

A
  • Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
  • Great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)
  • Transverse cervical nerve (C2 and C3)
  • Supraclavicular nerves (C3 and C4) (medial, intermediate, lateral)
87
Q

What artery may be seen in the superficial neck?

A

Transverse cervical artery

88
Q

What two main veins drain the superficial neck?

A
  • Anterior jugular vein
  • External jugular vein
89
Q

What two veins form the external jugular vein?

A
  • Posterior division of retromandibular vein
  • Posterior auricular vein
90
Q

What veins drain into the anterior jugular vein?

A

Submandibular veins

91
Q

Where will the anterior jugular vein drain to?

A

External jugular or subclavian veins

Gross Anatomy III (19 decks)

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