Embryology & Pathology Flashcards
When does the primordial gut form?
Week 4
___ and ___ folding form the primitive gut tube
Cephalocaudal and lateral folding
The primitive gut tube is bound cephalically by ___ and caudally by ___
cephalically by oropharyngeal membrane and caudally by cloacal membrane
What are the divisions of the alimentary system in development?
- Foregut
- Midgut
- Hindgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system remains temporarily connected to a yolk sac?
Midgut
What is ventral mesentery derived from?
Mesenchyme of septum transversum
What is dorsal mesentery?
Continuous sheet extending along posterior abdominal wall from abdominal esophagus to rectum
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the primordial pharynx and its derivatives?
Foregut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the lower respiratory system?
Foregut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the esophagus and stomach?
Foregut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the liver and biliary system?
Foregut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the pancreas?
Foregut
foregut
What does the ventral mesogastrum consist of?
Lesser omentum and falciform ligament
foregut
What is contained in the falciform ligament?
Umbilical vein= round ligament of the liver
foregut
What does the dorsal mesogastrum consist of?
Greater omentum, also fuses with transverse mesocolon mesentery
foregut
How is the omental bursa formed?
Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation on longitudinal axis forms omental bursa
foregut
How is the duodenum formed into a C-shape?
Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation
foregut
As the pancreas grows, what organ is pushed to the right?
Duodenum
foregut
How does the liver develop?
Cells start to proliferate within portions of mesoderm derived septum transversum
foregut
As ___ grows, it contacts the central tendon of the diaphragm
liver (bare area contacts)
The duodenum distal to bile duct opening as well as the small intestine is within the ___ in development
midgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the cecum?
Midgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the appendix?
Midgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the ascending colon?
Midgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the right 1/2-2/3 of the transverse colon?
Midgut
The rapid elongation of gut and mesentery is the ___ located in the ___
primary intestinal loop located in the midgut
midgut
When does physiological umbilical herniation occur?
Week 8
Describe midgut rotation
270 degrees counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery axis
midgut
When does umbilical herniation retraction occur?
Week 10
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the left 1/3 to 1/2 of the transverse colon?
Hindgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the descending colon?
Hindgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the sigmoid colon?
Hindgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the superior portion of the anal canal and rectum?
Hindgut
Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the internal lining of the bladder and urethra?
Hindgut
hindgut
The anal canal migrates into…
the cloacal region
hindgut
What happens to the cloacal membrane?
Cloacal membrane degenerates
hindgut
The pectinate line separates…
superior and inferior anal canal
hindgut
What is the superior anal canal derived from?
Endoderm (columnar epithelium)
hindgut
What is the inferior anal canal derived from?
Ectoderm (stratified squamous epithelium)
Where will the urorectal and rectovaginal pouches form?
The hindgut
What is cirrhosis (macroscopically)?
- Hepatomegaly (liver)
- “Hobnail” external appearance
What are two hepatic pathologies?
Cirrhosis and portal vein hypertension
What is a common pathology of the gallbladder/bile?
Gallstones aka cholelithiasis/cholesterol crystals
What type of patient is most likely to have gallstones?
Females are more likely than males
Risk increases with age
Gallstones are injury to… or…
gallbladder or biliary tract obstruction
In about 50% of cases, gallstones are…
asymptomatic
Name four congenital anomalies of the kidney
- Ectopic kidneys
- Bifid renal pelvis or ureter
- Accessory renal arteries
- Polycystic kidney disease
What is polycystic kidney disease?
- Autosomal dominant, inherited disorder
- Cysts measure up to 5cm
Kidney stones are also known as…
renal calculi/mineral deposits
With kidney stones, where does pain refer?
Lumbar (flank), inguinal region, or external genitalia
What is renal colic?
Involves severe intermittent pain as stones pass through ureter
With pararenal inflammation, what movement may invoke pain in the pararenal region and why?
Extension of the hip can increase pain associated with pararenal inflammation due to relationship with psoas minor
