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Gross Anatomy III > Embryology & Pathology > Flashcards

Embryology & Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the primordial gut form?

A

Week 4

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2
Q

___ and ___ folding form the primitive gut tube

A

Cephalocaudal and lateral folding

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3
Q

The primitive gut tube is bound cephalically by ___ and caudally by ___

A

cephalically by oropharyngeal membrane and caudally by cloacal membrane

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the alimentary system in development?

A
  • Foregut
  • Midgut
  • Hindgut
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5
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system remains temporarily connected to a yolk sac?

A

Midgut

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6
Q

What is ventral mesentery derived from?

A

Mesenchyme of septum transversum

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7
Q

What is dorsal mesentery?

A

Continuous sheet extending along posterior abdominal wall from abdominal esophagus to rectum

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8
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the primordial pharynx and its derivatives?

A

Foregut

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9
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the lower respiratory system?

A

Foregut

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10
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the esophagus and stomach?

A

Foregut

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11
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the liver and biliary system?

A

Foregut

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12
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the pancreas?

A

Foregut

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13
Q

foregut

What does the ventral mesogastrum consist of?

A

Lesser omentum and falciform ligament

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14
Q

foregut

What is contained in the falciform ligament?

A

Umbilical vein= round ligament of the liver

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15
Q

foregut

What does the dorsal mesogastrum consist of?

A

Greater omentum, also fuses with transverse mesocolon mesentery

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16
Q

foregut

How is the omental bursa formed?

A

Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation on longitudinal axis forms omental bursa

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17
Q

foregut

How is the duodenum formed into a C-shape?

A

Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation

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18
Q

foregut

As the pancreas grows, what organ is pushed to the right?

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

foregut

How does the liver develop?

A

Cells start to proliferate within portions of mesoderm derived septum transversum

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20
Q

foregut

As ___ grows, it contacts the central tendon of the diaphragm

A

liver (bare area contacts)

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21
Q

The duodenum distal to bile duct opening as well as the small intestine is within the ___ in development

A

midgut

22
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the cecum?

A

Midgut

23
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the appendix?

A

Midgut

24
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the ascending colon?

A

Midgut

25
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the right 1/2-2/3 of the transverse colon?

A

Midgut

26
Q

The rapid elongation of gut and mesentery is the ___ located in the ___

A

primary intestinal loop located in the midgut

27
Q

midgut

When does physiological umbilical herniation occur?

A

Week 8

28
Q

Describe midgut rotation

A

270 degrees counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery axis

29
Q

midgut

When does umbilical herniation retraction occur?

A

Week 10

30
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the left 1/3 to 1/2 of the transverse colon?

A

Hindgut

31
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the descending colon?

A

Hindgut

32
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the sigmoid colon?

A

Hindgut

33
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the superior portion of the anal canal and rectum?

A

Hindgut

34
Q

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the internal lining of the bladder and urethra?

A

Hindgut

35
Q

hindgut

The anal canal migrates into…

A

the cloacal region

36
Q

hindgut

What happens to the cloacal membrane?

A

Cloacal membrane degenerates

37
Q

hindgut

The pectinate line separates…

A

superior and inferior anal canal

38
Q

hindgut

What is the superior anal canal derived from?

A

Endoderm (columnar epithelium)

39
Q

hindgut

What is the inferior anal canal derived from?

A

Ectoderm (stratified squamous epithelium)

40
Q

Where will the urorectal and rectovaginal pouches form?

A

The hindgut

41
Q

What is cirrhosis (macroscopically)?

A
  • Hepatomegaly (liver)
  • “Hobnail” external appearance
42
Q

What are two hepatic pathologies?

A

Cirrhosis and portal vein hypertension

43
Q

What is a common pathology of the gallbladder/bile?

A

Gallstones aka cholelithiasis/cholesterol crystals

44
Q

What type of patient is most likely to have gallstones?

A

Females are more likely than males
Risk increases with age

45
Q

Gallstones are injury to… or…

A

gallbladder or biliary tract obstruction

46
Q

In about 50% of cases, gallstones are…

A

asymptomatic

47
Q

Name four congenital anomalies of the kidney

A
  • Ectopic kidneys
  • Bifid renal pelvis or ureter
  • Accessory renal arteries
  • Polycystic kidney disease
48
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A
  • Autosomal dominant, inherited disorder
  • Cysts measure up to 5cm
49
Q

Kidney stones are also known as…

A

renal calculi/mineral deposits

50
Q

With kidney stones, where does pain refer?

A

Lumbar (flank), inguinal region, or external genitalia

51
Q

What is renal colic?

A

Involves severe intermittent pain as stones pass through ureter

52
Q

With pararenal inflammation, what movement may invoke pain in the pararenal region and why?

A

Extension of the hip can increase pain associated with pararenal inflammation due to relationship with psoas minor

Gross Anatomy III (19 decks)

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