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Gross Anatomy III > Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Descends

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3
Q

What is the sternal origin of the diaphragm?

A

Xiphoid process

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4
Q

What is the costal origin of the diaphragm?

A

Internal surfaces of inferior six costal cartilages

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5
Q

What is the lumbar origin of the diaphragm?

A

Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and three superior lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

What is the insertion of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

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7
Q

Where is the medial arcuate ligament?

A

Body of L1 to TP of L1, arching over psoas major

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8
Q

Where is the lateral arcuate ligament?

A

TP of L1 to 12th rib, arching over quadratus lumborum

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9
Q

Where is right crus of the diaphragm?

A

Arises from first three or four lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disks

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10
Q

Where is left crus of the diaphragm?

A

Arises from first two or three lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral disks

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11
Q

Which crus of the diaphragm is larger and longer than the other?

A

Right crus is larger and longer than left crus

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12
Q

What is the caval opening of the diaphragm?
At what spinal level will it occur?

A

Opening in central tendon for inferior vena cava
Level of T8

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13
Q

What travels in the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?
At what spinal level will it occur?

A

Esophagus, right and left vagal trunks
Level of T10

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14
Q

Which hiatus of the diaphragm forms the right crus?

A

Esaphageal hiatus

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15
Q

Where is the aortic hiatus?
Which level of the spine is this?

A

Opening posterior to diaphragm at level of T12

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16
Q

What travels within the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

A
  • Aorta
  • Thoracic duct
  • Azygos veins
  • Hemiazygos veins
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17
Q

The right and left crura unite in the midline over the aortic hiatus to form…

A

median arcuate ligament

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18
Q

Which major arteries will supply the diaphragm?

A
  • Thoracic aorta
  • Internal thoracic arteries
  • Abdominal aorta
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19
Q

Which branches of the thoracic aorta supply the diaphragm?

A

Superior phrenic arteries

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20
Q

Which branches of the internal thoracic arteries supply the diaphragm?

A
  • Musculophrenic arteries
  • Pericardiophrenic arteries
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21
Q

Which branches of the abdominal aorta supply the diaphragm?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

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22
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the diaphragm

A

Veins mirror arteries and drain to IVC

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23
Q

Which nerve is responsible for both motor and sensory function of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

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24
Q

Which nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A
  • Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
  • Lower 6-7 intercostal nerves (T5-T11)
  • Subcostal nerve (T12)
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25
Q

What type of innervation will lower 6-7 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve provide the diaphragm?

A

Sensory

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26
Q

Where is the superior attachment of psoas major?

A
  • Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
  • Sides of T12-L5 vertebral bodies and IVDs
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27
Q

Where is the inferior attachment of psoas major?

A

Lesser trochanter, femur

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28
Q

What is the innervation of psoas major?

A

Anterior rami of lumbar nerves L1-3

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29
Q

What are the primary actions of psoas major?

A
  • Flexes thigh (with iliacus)
  • Flexus trunk when sitting (with iliacus)
  • Flexes vertebral column laterally
  • Balances trunk
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30
Q

What are the superior attachments of iliacus?

A
  • Superior two thirds of iliac fossa
  • Ala of sacrum
  • Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
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31
Q

What are the inferior attachments of iliacus?

A
  • Lesser trochanter, femur and diaphysis inferior to trochanter
  • Psoas major tendon
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32
Q

What is the innervation of iliacus?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-4)

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33
Q

What is the primary action of iliacus?

A

Acting with psoas major flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint

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34
Q

What is iliopsoas?
What is its function?

A

Integration of inferior fibers of psoas major/minor with iliacus fibers
Major flexor of the thigh and hip stabilizer

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35
Q

What are the superior attachments of quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Medial one half of 12th rib inferior border
  • Tips of lumbar TPs
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36
Q

What are the inferior attachments of quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • Internal lip of iliac crest
37
Q

What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Anterior/ventral rami T12 (subcostal nerve)
  • Lumbar plexus (L1-4)
38
Q

What are the primary actions of quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column
  • Fixes rib 12 during inspiration
39
Q

What are the oblique muscles of the posterolateral wall?

A

Transversus abdominis

40
Q

What is the spinal level of the celiac trunk?

A

T12

41
Q

What is the spinal level of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

42
Q

What is the spinal level of renal arteries?

A

L1

43
Q

What is the spinal level of gonadal arteries?

A

L2

44
Q

What is the spinal level of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

L3

45
Q

What is the spinal level of the aortic bifurcation?

A

L4

46
Q

What spinal levels are lumbar arteries?

A

All lumbar levels

47
Q

What is the spinal level of the median sacral artery?

A

L4

48
Q

Posterior abdominal wall veins drain directly into IVC except…

A

left gonadal vein and left suprarenal vein

49
Q

Inferior vena cava begins at ___ (spinal level) to the ___ of the midline

A

begins at L5 to the right of the midline

50
Q

Cisterna chyli is formed by convergence of…

A
  • lumbar lymphatic trunk
  • intestinal lymph trunks
  • descending thoracic trunks
51
Q

All lymph from the lower half of the body drains to…

A

cisterna chyli

52
Q

Where is cisterna chyli?

A

Anterior to L1-L2 vertebral bodies between IVC and abdominal aorta

53
Q

Subcostal nerve is the ___ rami of ___

A

ventral/anterior rami of T12

54
Q

The subcostal nerve runs along the anterior surface of…

A

quadratus lumborum

55
Q

Is the subcostal nerve part of the lumbar plexus?

A

NO

56
Q

The lumbar plexus consists of the ___ rami of ___

A

anterior/ventral rami of L1-L4

57
Q

Nerves of the lumbar plexus pass through… after roots exit the spine

A

pass through psoas major after roots exit the spine

58
Q

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves are from what spinal level?
What is their function?

A

L1
Sensory and motor to anterior abdominal wall muscles

59
Q

Genitofemoral nerve is from what spinal levels?
What is its function?

A

L1-2
Sensory to upper medial thigh
Motor to cremaster muscle

60
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is from what spinal levels?
What is its function?

A

L2-3
Sensory to lateral upper thigh

61
Q

Femoral nerve is from what spinal levels?
What is its function?

A

L2-4
Sensory and motor to anterior thigh (quadriceps)

62
Q

Obturator nerve is from what spinal levels?
What is its function?

A

L2-4
Sensory and motor to medial thigh (adductors)

63
Q

Lumbosacral trunk is from what spinal levels?
What is its function?

A

L4-5
Contribute to sacral plexus

64
Q

Where is T12 dermatome?

A

Lateral hip

65
Q

Where is the dermatome of genitofemoral nerve?

A

Upper anterior thigh/hip

66
Q

Where is the L1/ ilioinguinal nerve dermatome?

A

Inner thigh and genitals

67
Q

Where is the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2, L3) dermatome?

A

Lateral thigh

68
Q

What dermatome is the inner thigh beneath the genitals?

A

L2-L4 obturator nerve

69
Q

Where will the femoral nerve’s dermatome be?

A

Anterior thigh into medial leg

70
Q

What are the sympathetic nerves from the GI tract to left colic flexure?

A
  • Greater splanchnic nerve
  • Lesser splanchnic nerve
  • Least splanchnic nerve
71
Q

What spinal level does the greater splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T5-9, sometimes T10

72
Q

What spinal level does the lesser splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T10-11

73
Q

What spinal level does the least splanchnic nerve originate?

A

T12

74
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation from the left colic flexure to rectum?

A

Lumbar plexus (L1-3)

75
Q

Sensory afferent information to sympathetic autonomic nerves refers to…

A

pain

76
Q

Sensory afferent information to parasympathetic autonomic nerves refers to…

A

reflexes

77
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract to left colic flexure?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X) from vagal plexuses

78
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the left colic flexure to rectum?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

79
Q

What is the spinal level of the spleen?

A

T6-8

80
Q

What is the spinal level of the stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?

A

T6-9

81
Q

What is the spinal level of the jejunum and ileum?

A

T8-10

82
Q

What is the spinal level of the suprarenal glands?

A

T6-L2

83
Q

What is the spinal level of the kidneys?

A

T10-L1

84
Q

What is the spinal level of the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon?

A

T10

85
Q

What is the spinal level of the transverse colon?

A

T11

86
Q

What is the spinal level of the descending colon?

A

T12-L2

87
Q

What is the spinal level of the sigmoid colon and rectum?

A

S2

88
Q

Which diaphragm opening is located at the level of T10?

A

Esophageal hiatus

89
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve consists predominantly of…

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from T5-T10

Gross Anatomy III (19 decks)

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