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Gross Anatomy III > Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands > Flashcards

Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the kidneys in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Primarily retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Where are ureters in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Primarily retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Where do ureters lead?

A

To urinary bladder

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4
Q

Where is the bladder in relation to the pelvis?

A

True pelvis

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5
Q

Where is the bladder in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Subperitoneal

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6
Q

What type of glands are suprarenal glands?

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Where are the suprarenal glands in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Primarily retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Where is pararenal fat?

A

Posterior/posterolateral to kidney

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9
Q

Where is perirenal (perinephric) fat?

A

Completely surrounding the kidney continuing into the hilum

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10
Q

Where is the renal fascia?

A

Encloses kidney, suprarenal gland, and surrounding perirenal fat

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11
Q

Where is periureteric fat?

A

Surrounding the ureter

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12
Q

What do the kidneys filter?

A

Removes excess water, salts/minerals, wastes, or protein metabolism from blood

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13
Q

What do the kidneys return to blood?

A

Nutrients and chemicals

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14
Q

Where is the left kidney in relation to the spine?

A

Level of T12-L3

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15
Q

Where is the right kidney in relation to the left kidney?

A

About 5-6cm lower, right about iliac crest

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16
Q

Flank pain is an indicator of…

A

kidney issues

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17
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

Horizontal line across pyloric sphincter, top of right kidney, near hilum of left kidney

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18
Q

What structures can be found in the renal hilum?

A
  • Renal artery and vein
  • Ureter
  • Entry to renal sinus
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19
Q

What is the function of the renal cortex?

A

Blood filtration and urine production

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20
Q

What is the function of renal medulla?

A

Urine transport

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21
Q

What are the components of the renal medulla?

A
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal papilla
  • Renal columns
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22
Q

Where are renal papilla?

A

Apex of renal pyramid

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23
Q

Where are renal columns?

A

Between renal pyramids

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24
Q

What is a calyx?

A

Chamber of kidney through which urine travels

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25
Q

Minor calices will join into…

A

major calyx

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26
Q

What is a renal sinus?

A

Space within kidney surrounding renal pelvis and calices, filled with perirrenal fat

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27
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel-shaped expansion leading to ureter

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28
Q

Major calices will join into…

A

renal pelvis

29
Q

Right and left renal arteries are branches off of…

A

abdominal aorta (at L1-L2 IVD)

30
Q

Which renal artery is longer and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava?

A

Right renal artery

31
Q

Name the 5 segmental arteries coming from renal arteries

A
  1. Superior
  2. Antero-superior
  3. Antero-inferior
  4. Inferior
  5. Posterior
32
Q

What is a variation of kidney blood supply found in 30% of people?

A

Accessory renal arteries

33
Q

Both the left and right renal veins drain to…

A

inferior vena cava

34
Q

Which portion of the kidney blood supply is asymmetrical?

A

Veins

35
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the left kidney

A

Shorter pathway: left suprarenal vein and left gonadal vein drain into left renal vein; then, into inferior vena cava

36
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the right kidney

A

Right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein all drain directly to the inferior vena cava

37
Q

All lymph from the kidneys drains to… via…

A

cisterna chyli via right and left lumbar lymph nodes

38
Q

Renal lymphatic vessels follow…

A

renal veins

39
Q

Renal nerve plexus includes what sympathetic fibers?

A

Sympathetic fibers from least splanchnic nerve (T12) synapse in aorticorenal ganglion

40
Q

Renal nerve plexus includes what parasympathetic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve (CN X)

41
Q

What structures do ureters connect?

A

Kidneys to bladder

42
Q

What are the three radiologically visible constrictions of the ureters?

A
  1. Junction of ureter and renal pelvis
  2. Ureters cross brim of pelvic inlet at common iliac bifurcation
  3. Passage through wall of urinary bladder
43
Q

Radiologically visible constrictions of the ureters are potential sites of…

A

calculus (calculi) obstruction

44
Q

Arteries for ureters arise from…

A
  • renal arteries
  • gonadal arteries
  • abdominal aorta
  • common iliac arteries
45
Q

Veins for ureters drain into…

A

renal veins and gonadal veins

46
Q

The superior portion of ureters drain lymph into…

A

lumbar lymph nodes

47
Q

The middle and inferior portions of ureters drain lymph into…

A

common, external, or internal iliac lymph nodes

48
Q

Which nerve plexuses innervate the ureters?

A
  • Renal nerve plexus
  • Abdominal aortic plexus
  • Superior hypogastric plexus
49
Q

Ureters have afferent fibers conveying pain from which spinal levels?

A

T11-L2

50
Q

Ureteric pain typically refers to which dermatomes?

A

T11-L2: ipsilateral lower quadrant of anterior abdominal wall and groin

51
Q

Suprarenal glands are attached to… and separated from kidneys by….

A

attached to diaphragmatic crura and separated from kidneys by small septum

52
Q

How do the suprarenal glands differ in shape?

A

The right gland is pyramid shaped, the left is crescent shaped

53
Q

What occurs at the hilum of the suprarenal glands?

A

Veins and lymph vessels exit

54
Q

The cortex of the suprarenal glands is made from which embryologic cells?

A

Embryologic mesoderm

55
Q

The medulla of the suprarenal glands is made from which embryologic cells?

A

Embryologic neural crest cells

56
Q

The cortex of suprarenal glands secretes…

A

corticosteroids and androgens

57
Q

What is the effect of corticosteroids and androgens from suprarenal glands?

A
  • Kidneys retain sodium and water under stress (increasing blood volume and pressure)
  • Affects muscles and other organs
58
Q

What cells can be found in the medulla of suprarenal glands?

A

Chromaffin cells

59
Q

What do Chromaffin cells secrete?
What is the function of this?

A

Secrete catecholamines
Function in fight or flight: epinephrine and norepinephrine

60
Q

What arteries supply the suprarenal glands?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries

61
Q

The superior suprarenal artery is a branch from…

A

inferior phrenic artery

62
Q

The middle suprarenal artery is a branch from…

A

abdominal aorta

63
Q

The inferior suprarenal artery is a branch from…

A

renal artery

64
Q

What veins drain the suprarenal glands?

A

Right and left suprarenal veins

65
Q

The right suprarenal vein drains to…

A

inferior vena cava

66
Q

The left suprarenal vein drains to…

A

left renal vein

67
Q

Myelinated presynaptic sympathetic fibers from the IML of T10-L1 traverse ___ and ___ without synapsing; they terminate on ___

A

…fibers from the IML of T10-L1 traverse sympathetic trunk and celiac ganglia without synapsing; they terminate on suprarenal medulla chromaffin cells

68
Q

What spinal levels are concerned with sympathetic innervation to suprarenal glands?

A

T10-L1

Gross Anatomy III (19 decks)

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