Nasal Cavity and Larynx Flashcards
What structure is found in the anterior nasal aperture?
Nares/nostrils
What structure is found in the posterior nasal aperture?
Choanae
What is the relevant osteology of the nasal cavity?
Nasal bones, frontal and palatine processes (maxillae), nasal spine (frontal), cribriform plate (ethmoid), horizontal plate (palatine)
What is the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer dividing nasal cavity into left and right
What is the root of the nasal cavity?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid and body of sphenoid
What is the floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate
What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
Nasal septum
What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Nasal conchae
What are the nasal cartilages?
- Two lateral cartilages
- Two alar cartilages
- One septal cartilage
What opening is found in the superior conchae and meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal sinuses opening
Where can the posterior ethmoidal sinuses opening be found?
Superior conchae and meatus
Where can the opening for frontal and maxillary sinuses be found?
Semilunar hiatus of middle conchae and meatus
What opening is found in the semilunar hiatus of the middle conchae and meatus?
Opening for frontal and maxillary sinuses
What are two parts of the middle conchae and meatus?
- Ethmoidal bulla
- Semilunar hiatus
What opening is found in the inferior conchae and meatus?
Opening for nasolacrimal duct
Where is the opening for nasolacrimal duct?
Inferior conchae and meatus
What opening is found in the sphenoethmoidal recess?
Opening for sphenoidal sinus
Where is the opening for sphenoidal sinus?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Name four nasal cavity arteries
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
- Sphenopalatine artery
- Greater palatine artery
- Facial artery branches
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries arise from…
ophthalmic artery
What are the facial artery branches supplying the nasal cavity?
- Superior labial artery
- Lateral nasal artery
What are three structures draining the nasal cavity (of blood)?
- Pterygoid plexus
- Cavernous sinuses
- Facial vein
The veins draining to the pterygoid plexus travel with…
maxillary artery branches
The veins draining to the cavernous sinuses travel with…
ophthalmic artery branches
The veins draining to the facial vein travel with…
facial artery branches
What is the innervation of the anterosuperior region of the nasal cavity? Include branches
Ophthalmic nerve (V1) which branches into anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves and nasociliary nerve
What is the innervation of the posteroinferior region of the nasal cavity? Include branches
Maxillary nerve (V2) which branches into nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves
The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with…
nasopharynx
What is the pyramidal space inferior to orbit and medial to infratemporal fossa?
Pterygopalatine fossa
What is contained in the pterygopalatine fossa?
Third (terminal) part of maxillary artery and maxillary nerve (V2)
The third part of the maxillary artery is also called…
pterygo-palatine part
The third part of the maxillary artery passes through ___ into ___ via ___
passes through infratemporal fossa into pterygopalatine fossa via pterygomaxillary fissure
What are the branches off the third part of the maxillary artery?
- Sphenopalatine artery
- Descending palatine artery (greater and lesser palatine artery branches off)
The maxillary nerve exits the skull through…
foramen rotundum
The maxillary nerve gives off which nerve in pterygopalatine fossa?
Zygomatic nerve
The zygomatic nerve divides into…
zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves
The zygomaticotemporal nerve conveys ___to ___
conveys postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal gland
The maxillary nerve suspends…
pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion
When the maxillary nerve leaves through the inferior orbital fissure, it becomes…
infraorbital nerve
The nerve of pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) is formed by…
greater petrosal nerve and deep petrosal nerve
The greater petrosal nerve and deep petrosal nerve forms…
vidian nerve (nerve of pterygoid canal)
The pterygopalatine ganglion provides sensory innervation to…
nasal cavity, palate, and superior pharynx
The pterygopalatine ganglion provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to…
lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands, and mucosa
Which ganglion provides secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the nasal cavity?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Which ganglion provides vasoconstrictive sympathetic innervation to the nasal cavity?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
What is considered the “voice box” or organ of voice production?
Larynx
Where is the larynx in relation to the spine?
Along the midline anterior to C3-C6 (anterior to esophagus)
The larynx connects which two structures?
Oropharynx to trachea
What are the nine cartilages of the larynx?
Unpaired: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
How do arytenoid cartilages move?
Slide towards or away from each other, tilt anteriorly or posteriorly, and rotate to approximate, tense, or relax the vocal folds
The median glossoepiglottic fold and lateral glossoepiglottic fold meet at the…
vallecula
What are the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet?
Epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold
Below the vestibule/vestibular ligament are what immediate three structures?
- Vestibular fold
- Ventricle
- Vocal fold
What are the intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?
- Quadrate membrane
- Conus elasticus
Where is the quadrate membrane of the larynx?
Between aryepiglottic fold and vestibular fold
Conus elasticus of the larynx forms…
vocal fold and rima glottis (opening between vocal folds)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Infrahyoid muscles and suprahyoid muscles
What is the function of infrahyoid muscles?
Depress the hyoid and larynx
What is the function of suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate hyoid and larynx
What is the innervation of cricothyroid?
External laryngeal nerve (from CN X)
What are the main actions of cricothyroid?
Stretches and tenses vocal ligament
What is the innervation of thyroarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal part of recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X)
What is the main action of thyroarytenoid?
Relaxes vocal ligament
What is the innervation of posterior cricoarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal part of recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X)
What is the main action of posterior cricoarytenoid?
Abducts vocal folds
What is the innervation of lateral cricoarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal part of recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X)
What is the main action of lateral cricoarytenoid?
Adducts vocal folds (interligamentous portion)
What is the innervation of transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal part of recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X)
What are the main actions of transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Adduct arytenoid cartilages (adducting intercartilaginous portion of vocal folds, closing posterior rima glottidis)
What is the innervation of vocalis?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal part of recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X)
What are the main actions of vocalis?
Relaxes posterior vocal ligament while maintaining (or increasing) tension of anterior part
Which laryngeal muscles are adductors?
- Lateral cricoarytenoid
- Transverse and oblique arytenoid
- Thyroarytenoid
Which laryngeal muscle is the “whisperer”?
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Which laryngeal muscle is an abductor?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Which laryngeal muscle is a tensor?
Cricothyroid
Which laryngeal muscle is a relaxer?
Thyroarytenoid
Which laryngeal muscle raises pitch?
Cricothyroid
Which laryngeal muscle lowers pitch?
Thyroarytenoid
What provides sensory innervation to the larynx above the vocal cords?
Internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal nerve)
What provides sensory innervation to the larynx below the vocal cords?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal branch of recurrent laryngeal nerve )
What is the primary motor nerve of the larynx?
Inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal branch of recurrent laryngeal nerve)
The trachea extends from…
inferior end of larynx
Where is the trachea in relation to the spine?
C6 to T4/T5
The trachea receives sensory and parasympathetic innervation from…
recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the sympathetic innervation of the trachea?
Cervical sympathetic trunk
The esophagus extends from ___ to ___
inferior end of cricoid cartilage (C6) to stomach
The esophagus receives somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic innervation from…
recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the vasomotor sympathetic innervation of the esophagus?
Cervical sympathetic trunk
The external ear includes…
- auricle/pinna (elastic cartilage)
- external acoustic meatus
The external ear is innervated by…
greater auricular nerve and auriculotemporal nerve
Maximum convexity of tympanic membrane is called…
umbo
What are the auditory ossicles?
Malleus, incus, stapes
Where is the pharyngotympanic tube?
Middle ear
What is the innervation of stapedius?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the innervation of tensor tympani?
V3
Where can chorda tympani be found?
Middle ear
Where can tympanic plexus be found?
Middle ear
Tympanic plexus comes from which cranial nerve?
CN IX glossopharyngeal
