SUGER: Anatomy Flashcards
What is the aperture in the transversalis fascia called?
Deep Inguinal
Where is the superficial ring located
In the external oblique aponeurosis
What happens to the spermatic cord as it passes through the abdominal walls
It recieves a covering from three layers of the abdominal wall
What does the spermatic cord form in females
Round Ligament
What nerve is found in the inguinal canal
Ilio-Inguinal nerve
What structure of the pelvis does the spermatic cord move medial and anterior to
Pubic Tubercle
What five main structures are found in the testes
Testicular (gonadal) arteries Vas Deferens Pampiniform plexus of veins Nerves Lymphatics of the testes
Describe the venal route from the pampiniform plexus of veins in the testes
They join together to form the testicular vein and then drain into:
Inferior Vena Cava on the right
Left Renal Vein on the left and then onto the inferior vena cava
Role of the vas deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Role of the epididymis
Connects testicles to vas deferens and stores sperm
What are the three coverings of the testes from in to out
Inner: Tunica vaginalis
Middle: Tunica Albuginea
Outer: Tunica Vasculosa
What separates the two testicles
The testicular septum
Are dartos muscles voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary smooth muscle
Where are dartos muscles located
JUST under the superficial skin layer
Where is the cremaster muscle derived from
The internal oblique muscle
Where do the Internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscle meet
Their aponeurosis join at the conjoint tendon
What defines a direct hernia
A hernia medial to the inferior epigastric artery
What defines an indirect hernia
A hernia lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
Where does the testicular artery branch off from
Aorta at L2
Where does the cremasteric artery branch from
Inferior epigastric artery
Function of the ilio-inguinal nerve
Supplies skin sensation to the anterior 1/3 of the external genitalia
Function of the genitofemoral nerve
Supplies the cremaster muscle
Function of sympathetic nerves
Supplies vas and testicular pain
What two structures pass through the inguinal canal of females
Round ligament
Ilioinguinal nerve
What is the corpora cavernosum and corpora spongiosum supplied by (arterial supply)
Cavernosum:
Deep arteries of the penis
Spongiosum:
Dorsal artery of penis
Both are branches of the internal PEUDENDAL artery
What is the venous drainage of the penis
Internal peudendal veins
Where is the urethra located
Corpus spongiosum
Are kidneys retro or intraperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
Where do the kidneys extend
From T12 to L3
Where are the adrenal glands located
Above the kidneys
What is contained within the renal fascia
Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
What is the advantage of the renal capsule being fibrous
Prevents the spread of cancer
Role of the renal hilum
Acts as a gateway to the kidney
What lies anterior to the right kidney
Liver, duodenum and coils of the intestines
What lies anterior to the left kidney
Stomach, spleen, pancreas and coils of the intestines
What shape are the adrenal glands
Right: Tetrahedral shaped
Left: Crescent-shaped
Where does the left adrenal gland lie behind
Stomach and pancreas
Where does the right adrenal gland lie behind
Liver and inferior vena cava
How many arteries and veins supply each gland
Three arteries
One vein
What arcuate ligament is unpaired
The median arcuate ligament
What branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle
The genital branch
What does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply
Skin sensation to upper anterior thighs
Which arcuate ligament arcs over the quadrates lumborum
Lateral Arcuate Ligament
Which arcuate ligament arcs over the posts major muscles
Medial arcuate ligament
Define a polar artery
Some people have two renal arteries to one kidney, one large and one smaller, inferior to the larger - polar artery
Where can the pelvis of the kidney be located
L2-L3
What does the lateral cutaneous nerve supply
skin sensation over the lateral thigh
What part of the lumbar plexus does the iliohypogastric nerve branch off at
T12 and L1
What part of the lumbar plexus does the ilioinguinal nerve branch off at
T12 and L1
What part of the lumbar plexus does the genitofemoral nerve branch off at
L1 and L2
What part of the lumbar plexus does the lateral cutaneous nerve branch off at
L2 and L3
What part of the lumbar plexus does the femoral nerve branch off at
L2,L3,L4
What part of the lumbar plexus does the obturator branch off at
L2,3,4
What hole does the obturator pass through at the hip bone
Obturator foramen
What are the two pouches found in females
Recto-uterine pouch (pouch of douglas)
Uterovesical pouch
What is the pouch found in males called
Recto-vesical pouch
What is the mucous in the bladder arranged as
Rugae
What artery do the ureters pass over
Left and right common iliac arteries
What passes over the ureter in males
Vas Deferens
What passes over the ureter in females
Uterine Artery
Why is the uterus known as the secondary sex organ
Because these are parts that mature during puberty in the influence of sex hormones
What are the sex hormones in females and males
Ovaries
Testes
What is the role of the uterus
Transport and maintenance of gametes
Where does implantation of the blastocyst take place
Body
What is the role of the cervic
Links the uterus to the vagina
What is odd about the junction between the body and cervix
It can either be bent forwards (ante-flexed) or slightly backwards (retro-flexed)
What are the two communications of the cervical canal
Internal Os - Communicates with uterine cavity
External Os - Communicates with vagina
What two structures stabilise the position of the cervix
Levator ani muscles
Cervical Ligaments
Where are cervical ligaments derived from
Pelvic Fascia
Where are the vaginal fornices found
Lower part of the cervix
What can affect the position of the uterus
Bladder
What is the broad ligament
Double layer of peritoneum
Role of the broad ligament
Attaches sides of uterus to pelvis
Role of the round ligament
Maintains anteverted position of the uterus
Role of the ovarian Ligament
Joins ovaries to the uterus
Role of the cardinal ligament
Contains uterine artery and vein
Role of uterosacral ligament
Supports the uterus
Describe the branching of the iliac artery into the uterine and vaginal artery
Aorta -> inferior mesenteric artery -> Common iliac -> Internal iliac -> Uterine artery and vaginal artery
What is the sympathetic innervation of the uterus
Inferior hypogastric plexus running along the internal iliac artery
The anterior and medial part of this plexus innervated the uterus (uterovaginal plexus)
Parasympathetic innervation of the uterus
S2-S4 pelvic splanchnic nerve
What is the cervix innervated by
Uterovaginal plexus
What ligament do the uterine tubes run along
Broad Ligament
Role of the fimbrae
Catch ovary from surface of the ovary
What part of the uterine tube does fertilisation take place
Ampulla
What is the uterine tube supplied by
Uterine AND Ovarian artery as they anastomose together
What is the epithelium of the ovary surface
Simple cuboidal epithelium
How are the ovaries attached to the broad ligament
Mesovarium
What does the pelvic girdle consist of
Sacrum
Coccyx
Hip Bones
What is the name of the junction between the hipbone and the sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
How many sacroiliac joints do we have
2
What is the junction between the coccyx and the sacrum called
Sacrococcygeal joint
Three functions of the pelvis
- Transfer weight from the upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular components of the skeleton
- Provides attachment for a number of muscles + ligaments used in locomotion
- Protects abdominopelvic + pelvic viscera
What does the pelvic inlet divide the pelvis into
An outer greater (false) pelvis and inner lesser (true) pelvis
Male vs Female pelvis
Male has a curved inward coccyx vs female has a straight coccyx
Males have an acute angle of the pubic symphysis vs Females have an obtuse pubic symphysis
What spinal cord roots does the sacral plexus recieve nerve from
L4-S4
How do spinal nerves leave the spinal cord
Via the intervertebral foramina
What nerves derive from the sacral plexus
S-ome: S-uperior gluteal nerve I-rish: I-nferior gluteal nerve S-ailors: S-ciatic P-ester: P-osterior cutaneous nerve P-olly: P-eudendal nerve
How do all nerves leave the pelvis
Via the greater sciatic foramen
How do all nerves enter the pelvis
Via the lesser sciatic foramen
Where does the inferior gluteal nerve root from
L5,S1,S2
Where does the Sciatic nerve root from
L4,5,S1,S2,S3
Where does the Posterior cutaneous nerve root from
S1,S2,S3
Where does the peudendal nerve root from
S2,S3,S4
What are the motor functions of the peudendal nerve
- Supplies external anal sphincter
- Supplies the external urethral sphincter
- Levator Ani
- Skeletal muscles of the perineum
What are the sensory functions of the peudendal nerve
- Innervates the penis
- Innervates the clitoris
- Skin of the perineum
In what part of the urethra is the bulbourethral glands located
Membranous urethra
What is the significance of the bulbourethral glands
Provide the last volume of fluid to the semen
Is the reason for ‘pre-ejaculate’
How can pre-ejaculate cause a pregnancy
Because sperm from a previous ejaculation still in the ducts can be moved through and into the vagina if it is still alive
What does the bulbourethral gland secrete into the urethra
A mucous secretion
What are the three functions of the mucous secretions of the bulbourethral glands
- Lubrication for the penis tip and urethra
- Expel any residue of urine providing a clear pathway for ejaculation
- Helps to neutralise residual acidity
What are the bulbourethral glands innervated by
Hypogastric plexus
What are the three branches that supply the penis
Dorsal arteries (supply the superificial part of the penis)
Deep arteries
Bulbourethral arteries
All branch from the internal peudendal artery
What does the internal peudendal artery branch off from
Internal iliac artery
What nerve supplies the male penis and female clitoris
Peudendal nerve
What is the perineum supplied by
Internal peudendal artery
Define the borders of the perineum
Anterior - Pubic symphysis
Posterior - Tip of the coccyx
Lateral - Medial border of thigh
What does the urogenital triangle consist of
Transverse perineal muscles
Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
Urethra
What is the urogenital triangle bounded by
Pubic Symphysis
Ischiopubic Rami
Line between the two ischial tuberosity
At what vertebral level does the common iliac artery bifurcate into the external and internal iliac artery
L4
What muscles are found in the perineal body
Deep transverse perineal muscles
Ischiocavernous
Bulbospongiosus
What binds the perineal body muscles together
Perineal body
Where are bartholin glands found in the perineal body
Superficial perineal pouch
What does the anal triangle consist of
- Anal sphincter
- Anal aperture
- Ischioanal fossa
Role of the ischioanal fossa
(allows for expanding of the anus)
