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Phase 1 > IMMS: Week 6 > Flashcards

IMMS: Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How can metabolic acidosis take place

A

Due to excess production of organic acids (usual cause) or reduced levels of HCO3- to buffer H+ ions

Reduced arterial oxygen content

Hypoperfusion

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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2
Q

How can metabolic alkalosis take place

A

Excessive re-absorption of HCO3- ions

Excess H+ secretion at tubules

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3
Q

What cells produce bone and cartilage

A

Chondrocytes and chondroblasts

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4
Q

What fibres do bone and cartilage consist of

A

Collagen and elastic fibres

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5
Q

What is the bone matrix made of

A

GAG

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6
Q

Why are collagen fibres arranged parallel to each other

A

Gives extra strength

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7
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts

A

Synthesise bone

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8
Q

Role of osteoclasts

A

Resorb bone and aid in remodelling

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9
Q

Role of osteocytes

A

Break down bone and aid remodelling bone

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10
Q

What is the first type of bone to be synthesised

A

Woven bone

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11
Q

What happens to woven bone

A

Remodelled to lamellar bone which is lighter and stronger

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12
Q

What two ways can bone formation occur

A

Membrane: Formed directly in a mesenchyme

Endochondral: Formed by replacement of cartilage

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13
Q

Where are osteons found

A

In the compact bone

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14
Q

What is appositional deposition of bone

A

Deposition of bones in layers on external surface of bones

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15
Q

What is stratified epithelia needed for

A

Protective function and composed of many cell layers

It is a WATERPROOF layer

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16
Q

How many layers are there in pseudo stratified epithelia

A

1

Cells are all joined to the basement membrane

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17
Q

What does the epithelia need a basement membrane for

A

Survival

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18
Q

What is the basement membanre made of

A

Type IV collagen and fibronectin

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19
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete

A

Tropocollagen units (pro collagen)

20
Q

When does the embryo become a foetus

A

At the end of week 8

21
Q

What organs start functioning after week 8

A

Kidneys, liver, brain and lungs

22
Q

What is the intramural part of the fallopian tube

A

The part of the tube that crosses the uterine musculature

23
Q

What is the tubal sodium of the fallopian tubes

A

Where the tubal canal meets the peritoneal cavity

24
Q

How long does a typical pregnancy last

A

280 Days after last menstrual period

266 Days after fertilisation

25
Q

When does fertilisation take place

A

15th day in cycle

26
Q

What is the time period from fertilisation to the end of the 8th week called

A

Embryonic period

27
Q

What is the time period from the beginning of the 9th week to birth called

A

Foetal period

28
Q

What happens in the 1st week

A

Fertilisation and formation of a blastocyst

29
Q

What happens in the second week

A

Implantation and bilaminar disk

30
Q

What happens in the third week

A

Gastrulation

31
Q

What happens in the fourth week

A

Embryo folding (F for folding)

32
Q

What happens during the 5th to the end of the 8th week

A

Development of organs

33
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive organs

A
  • Produce, maintain and transport the sperm and semen
  • Discharge sperms within the female reproductive tract
  • Produce and secrete male sex hormones
34
Q

What are three consequences of fertilisation

A
  1. Restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
  2. Determination of chromosomal sex
  3. Initiation of cleavage/division of cells
35
Q

How many cells are there in a morula

A

16

36
Q

What happens to the morula as it enters the uterus on the 3rd or 4th day after fertilisation

A

Blastocyst formation

37
Q

When does implantation occur

A

at the end of the first week

38
Q

What does the inner cell mass develop into

A

Embryo

39
Q

What does the outer cell mass develop into

A

Trophoblast

40
Q

What two layers does the embryo blast develop into

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

This is the bilaminar disc

41
Q

What does the epiblast give his ego

A

amnioblasts that line the amniotic cavity

42
Q

What does the hypoblast give rise to

A

Cells that line the blastocyst cavity and inner surface of the trophoblast

43
Q

What are cells derived from the hypoblast and lining the inner surface of the trophoblast called

A

Primitive yolk sack

44
Q

What two layers does the extra embryonic mesoderm form

A

The splanchnic layer

Somatic Layer

45
Q

What is the extra embryonic mesoderm responsible for

A

The formation of blood vessels that will connect the embryo to the placenta

46
Q

What area of the embryo forms endodermal cells

A

The hypoblast

These form a new cavity in the yolk sack

47
Q

What is the cavity produced by endodermal cells called

A

Secondary yolk sac which replaces the primary

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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