Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 > GI Tract: Fine-tuning revision > Flashcards

GI Tract: Fine-tuning revision Flashcards

1
Q

Does bile contain digestive enzymes

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does bile contain conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin

A

Conjugated ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does storage and concentration of bile in the gallbladder affect bile pH?

A

It DECREASES pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference in the type of saliva secreted in serous and mucous glands

A

Serous is very WATERY (remember serous is a mixture of water and amylase)

Mucous is very thick and viscous (needed for lubrication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is iodide mainly excreted

A

In the saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cation can be found in the saliva

A

Calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pH of saliva

A

6-7 (NEUTRAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to the rate of saliva secretion when vomiting is about to take place

A

It increases in order to buffer the contents before it can cause any damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the swallowing reflex centre

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the swallowing reflex more effective standing or laying down

A

Standing because we then have the assistance of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What needs to happen to iron before it can be absorbed at the duodenum

A

It needs to be reduced by HCL from trivalent ferric iron to divalent ferric iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin

A

HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is vitamin C stored in the liver?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is vitamin C excreted

A

In the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does ingestion of fibres influence bowel movement

A

It stimulates peristaltic waves by adding ‘bulk’ to the food residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are mucosal cells protected from gastric juices

A

Due to a coating of mucous which is IMPREGNATED with HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How will an increase in body fat affect body water volume

A

Will reduce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is saliva essential for digestion?

A

Nope, enzymes like ptyalin and HCL only assist digestion and can be carried out by chymotrypsin and trypsin in the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is calcium mainly absorbed

A

Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do fatty acids get absorbed in the capillaries

A

They can do if they are small enough. Most will move in via lymphatics (lacteals) if they are too big and need to be esterified and packaged into chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is cholesterol mainly excreted

A

In the bile (think HDL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What factor will cause an increase in the risk of gallstone development

A

An increase in cholesterol: Bile salts and Cholesterol: Lecithin ratios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Will an increase in Bile salts: Cholesterol or Lecithin: Cholesterol increase the risk of gallstone formation

A

No, these favour micelle formation which reduces chances of gallstones forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Can removal of the stomach impair iron absorption

A

Yes because it can only be absorbed at the duodenum as divalent ferric iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What symptoms can I expect to see in Hepatic Jaundice

A

Low prothrombic levels
Low fibrinogen levels in the blood
Low albumin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What papillae have no taste buds

A

FILLIFORM
FUNGIFORM
CIRCUMVALLATE
FOLATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the three branches of the coeliac trunk

A
  • Left gastric artery
  • Common hepatic artery
  • Splenic artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the duodenum retro or intraperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is Meckel’s diverticulum located

A

It is an appendix-like structure that is found at the ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe absorption of amino acids and glucose at the SMALL INTESTINES

A

They are moved into the intestinal epithelial cells by SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT with Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What ion moves into the intestinal epithelial cell with sodium ions

A

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does Cl- enter the intestinal epithelial cell

A

Counter-transport with HCO3- ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the Na+ and Cl- move out of the intestinal epithelial cells and into the interstitial

A

Na+/k+ ATPase

Cl- ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What other way does Na+ enter the intestinal epithelial cell

A

Na+/H+ ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What two major ions are secreted in the large intestines and ileum

A

HCO3- and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is HCO3- absorbed , why and how

A

At jejunum and duodenum

H+ is exchanged with Na+ 
H+ reacts with HCO3- to give H2CO3
H2CO3 -> H2O + CO2
CO2 is re-absorbed and expired
H20 remains in chyme

Prevents pH from becoming too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define Amphipathic

A

A compound that shows both lipophilic + hydrophilic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are meissner’s plexus located

A

In gut submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus located

A

Between the two layers of the muscularis propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the head of the pancreas supplied by

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery branch of the superior mesenteric artery

41
Q

How does liver function affect the body if it fails

A

Increased size of male breasts as oestrogens and progesterones will not get conjugated
Increased unconjugated bilirubin
Increased tendancy to bleed

42
Q

Why is dividing the vagal nerve supply to the stomach helpful for treating peptic ulcers

A

Less ACh released so less gastrin acidity

43
Q

How will removing the pyloric antrum affect peptic ulcers

A

Reduce them as this removes a lot of the G cells in the stomach, reducing HCL release

44
Q

What receptors do histamine bind to

A

H2 receptors

45
Q

When does urobilin in the urine get darker

A

When exposed to light

46
Q

Where are chymotrypsin and trypsin produced

A

Pancreas

47
Q

Why can liver failure result in more salt and water retention

A

Because it is needed to conjugate aldosterone which won’t be able to function at the liver properly otherwise

48
Q

Can liver failure lead to oedema? If so, why?

A

Yes, because less albumin will be produced

49
Q

What receptors does ACh bind to at the stomach

A

M1 - muscarinic receptors

50
Q

How does portal hypertension affect vascular resistance through the sinusoids

A

Increases it

51
Q

How does portal hypertension affect blood flow through the liver

A

Decreases it as blood flow will be diverted straight to the central vein as opposed to circulating around the sinusoids for a while

52
Q

How will portal hypertension affect the volume of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

Increase it as there will be a higher hydrostatic pressure so more filtration will take place

53
Q

What is D3 also known as

A

Cholecalciferol

54
Q

What is D2 also known as

A

Ergocalciferol

55
Q

What is the main source of vit D

A

UV rays

56
Q

What do we have in our skin that starts off production of D3

A

7-Dehydrocholesterol

57
Q

What is 7-dehydrocholesterol

A

Inactive precursor of D3

58
Q

What happens to 7-dehydrocholesterol

A

It reacts with UV rays to produce cholecalciferol

59
Q

What wavelength of UV is needed for activation of D3 to take place in the skin

A

270-300nm (optimal between 295 to 297nm)

60
Q

Can we overdose from vit D with a lot of exposure from the skin?

A

Nope

61
Q

Wht happens to vit D at the liver

A

converted to calcidiol

62
Q

What happens to calcidiol at the kidney

A

Converted to calcitriol

63
Q

What is the formula for calcidiol

A

25(OH)D

64
Q

What is the formula for calcitriol

A

1,25(OH)2D

65
Q

Where does vit D act

A

Intestines, Kidneys + Bone

66
Q

Where is glucose absorped at the GI tract

A

Duodenum and small intestines

67
Q

What part of the brain co-ordinates the vomiting reflex

A

Medulla Oblongata

68
Q

What obstruction is vomiting indicative of

A

High intestinal obstruction

69
Q

When does muscle tone in the oesophagus increase

A

Gastrin secretion to prevent reflux of gastric contents

70
Q

When does muscle tone in the oesophagus decrease

A

During pregnancy - increases occurance of heart burn

71
Q

What secretion causes disaccharides to be broken down

A

Intestinal secretions

72
Q

What secretion causes triglycerides to be broken down

A

Pancreatic secretions

73
Q

What secretions causes breakdown of nucleic acids

A

Pancreatic secretions

74
Q

What compound causes contraction of the oesophageal-gastric sphincter

A

Gastrin

75
Q

At what vertebral level is the gastro-oesophageal junction at

A

T11

76
Q

What needs to happen to all carbohydrates before they can be absorbed by the body

A

They need to be broken down in to monosaccharides first

77
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the mouth

A

They are broken down by Ptyalin - an alpha amylase

78
Q

What gland secretes ptyalin

A

Parotid Glands

79
Q

What is the optimal pH that ptyalin works at

A

6.7

80
Q

What happens to carbohydrates at the small intestines

A

The 1-4 glycosidic bonds of the carbohydrates are broken down but 1-6 glycosidic bonds are preserved

81
Q

What are the end-products of digestion of the 1-4 glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates

A
  • Maltose
  • Maltotriose
  • Alpha limit dextrins
82
Q

What are alpha-limit dextrins

A

These are branched units with 8 units in total

83
Q

What happens to maltose, maltotriose and alpha limit dextrins in the duodenum

A

They are broken down by oligosaccharidases in the microvilli:

Maltase
Lactase
Sucrase
Alpha-limit dextrase

This produce monosaccharides

84
Q

Name the three major monosachharides

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
85
Q

How is Galactose absorbed

A

Galactose and glucose share the same SGLT co-transporter so compete with each other to be absorbed

Galactose then moves from the intestinal epithelial cells into the interstitium via facilitated diffusion through GLUT channels

86
Q

How does Fructose absorption differ from galactose absorption

A

Fructose has a different transporter - GLUT

87
Q

Where are most carbohydrates absorbed

A

Duodenum

88
Q

Where are these carbohydrates then moved from the duodenum

A

Into the hepatic portal vein and then on to the liver

89
Q

What three things happen to glucose in the liver

A
  • Glycogenesis
  • Production of glucose
  • Glycolysis
90
Q

Why does glycolysis take place in the liver

A
  • Production of alpha-glycerol phosphate and fatty acids that are needed to form triglycerides
91
Q

How are alpha-glycerol phosphates produce from glycolysis of glucose

A

Reduction of dehydroxyacetone phosphate

92
Q

What happens to triglycerides produced in the liver

A

They are placed into VLDLs

93
Q

What are VLDLs

A

Lipoproteins that contain more fat than proteins

94
Q

Why do lipoprotein lipases have to breakdown VLDLs as they circulate in the blood

A

Because they are too big to move through the capillary wall

95
Q

How long do glycogen stores last for

A

12 Hours

96
Q

How long do lipids last for in the body

A

3 months

97
Q

When does protein become a source of energy

A

During prolonged starvation

98
Q

How much of the body’s total energy requirement is contributed to by the liver and the brain

A

40%

Phase 1 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions