Lung and the thorax: Anatomy

Question 1

At what vertebral level is the sternal angle at?

Answer 1

T4

Question 2

How does the sternal angle divide the mediastinum

Answer 2

Into a superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 3

How does the pericardium divide the inferior mediastinum

Answer 3

Into an anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

Question 4

What major structures can I find in the superior mediastinum

Answer 4

Oesophagus 
Aortic Arch
Thymus - Most predominant structure in the superior mediastinum 
L + R brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Phrenic nerve (which supplies diaphragm)

Question 5

At what vertebral level does the aortic arch start and end at

Answer 5

Starts at upper T4 level and ends at lower T4 level

Question 6

At what vertebral level does the thoracic aorta start at

Answer 6

T4

Question 7

How many pairs of posterior intercostal arteries does the thoracic aorta give off

Answer 7

9 pairs

Question 8

What artery branches off these posterior intercostal arteries

Answer 8

Radicular arteries

Question 9

What do radicular arteries supply

Answer 9

The spinal cord

Question 10

How many bronchial arteries supply the right lung

Answer 10

One

Question 11

How many bronchial arteries supply the left lung

Answer 11

Two

Question 12

Where do oesophageal arteries branch from

Answer 12

Thoracic aorta

Question 13

What two veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein

Answer 13

Subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 14

AT what level does the Inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm at

Answer 14

T8

Question 15

What duct does ALL lymph drain into

Answer 15

Thoracic Duct

Question 16

Where does the thoracic duct originate at

Answer 16

Abdomen as the ‘cysterna chyli’

Question 17

Why do we need hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

Answer 17

There is NO vena cava on the left side of the body which it needs to return to the heart. Therefore, we need these veins to drain left intercostal venous blood into the azygous vein (only found on the right) which will return blood back into the heart via the inferior vena cava

Question 18

Where does the nasal cavity extend from and to

Answer 18

From the nostrils to the choanae

Question 19

What is the name of the cavity lying ‘just’ inside the nostril

Answer 19

Vestibule

Question 20

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity

Answer 20

Palatine bone and palatine process of the maxilla

Hint: The hard and soft palate lie just below the floor of the nasal cavity so we have a palatine bone

Question 21

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 21

Anteriorly - Nasal and frontal bones
Middle - Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Posterior - Downward sloping body of the sphenoid

Question 22

In which meatus does the nasolacrimal duct drain into

Answer 22

Inferior meatus

Question 23

What nerves provide ordinary sensation to the nasal cavity

Answer 23

Maxillary and ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve ( Can’t be mandibular because the MANIDIBLES are a lot lower than the nasal cavity)

Question 24

What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity

Answer 24

Maxillary artery

External carotid artery

Question 25

What are the two lymph nodes found in the nasal cavity

Answer 25

Submandibular nodes | Upper deep cervical nodes

Question 26

What are the borders that form the maxillary sinus

Answer 26

Roof - base of the orbit Apex - Zygomatic process Floor - Alveolar process Base - Lateral wall of the nose

Question 27

In what meatus does the maxillary sinus open up into

Answer 27

Middle meatus

Question 28

What is the name of the opening that the maxillary sinus drains into at the middle meatus

Answer 28

Hiatus semilunaris

Question 29

What does the hiatus semilunaris open up into

Answer 29

An infundibulum

Question 30

What meatus and opening does the frontal sinus drain into

Answer 30

Hiatus semilunaris (at infundibulum) - Middle meatus

Question 31

Where does the sphenoid drain into and what is the name of the opening

Answer 31

Superior meatus - Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 32

What other sinus also drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess

Answer 32

The posterior part of the ethmoid sinus

Question 33

Where does the anterior and middle part of the ethmoid sinus drain into?

Answer 33

Middle - At middle meatus near the opening 'bulba ethmoidalis Anterior - At middle meatus through the opening 'bulba ethmoidalis'

Question 34

Where are the frontal sinuses located

Answer 34

Within the frontal bone Over orbit and half way across superciliary arch

Question 35

Nerve supply of the frontal sinus

Answer 35

Opthalmic division of trigeminal

Question 36

Nerve supply of sphenoid sinus

Answer 36

Opthalmic division of trigeminal

Question 37

Nerve supply of the Ethmoid inus

Answer 37

Opthalmic + Maxillary division of trigeminal

Question 38

What structure is the sphenoidal sinus medial to

Answer 38

cavernous sinus

Question 39

What does the sphenoidal sinus lie inferior to

Answer 39

Optic canal, dura and pituitary gland

Question 40

What pharyngeal pouch is the thymus gland derived from

Answer 40

Third

Question 41

In what compartment of the mediastinum is the thymus found

Answer 41

In the superior mediastinum

Question 42

What arteries supply to thymus gland

Answer 42

Anterior intercostal arteries and branches of the internal thoracic artery

Question 43

What is the trachea innervated by

Answer 43

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 44

What is the bronchi innervated by

Answer 44

Vagus nerve

Question 45

What part of the sternum is attached to the diaphragm

Answer 45

Xiphisternum

Question 46

At what vertebral level is the right crus at

Answer 46

L1-3

Question 47

At what vertebral level is the left crus at

Answer 47

L1-2

Question 48

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus move through the diaphragm at and with what structure

Answer 48

T10 with vagus nerve

Question 49

At what level does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein move through the diaphragm at

Answer 49

T12

Question 50

At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava move through the diaphragm at

Answer 50

T8

Question 51

What is special about the right crus of the diaphragm compared to the left crus

Answer 51

Right is used as a 'physiological' sphincter which is used to stop upwards movement of gastric content.

Question 52

Approximately how long is the oesophagus

Answer 52

25cm

Question 53

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus start at

Answer 53

C6