Lung and the thorax: Anatomy Flashcards
At what vertebral level is the sternal angle at?
T4
How does the sternal angle divide the mediastinum
Into a superior and inferior mediastinum
How does the pericardium divide the inferior mediastinum
Into an anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
What major structures can I find in the superior mediastinum
Oesophagus Aortic Arch Thymus - Most predominant structure in the superior mediastinum L + R brachiocephalic veins Superior vena cava Phrenic nerve (which supplies diaphragm)
At what vertebral level does the aortic arch start and end at
Starts at upper T4 level and ends at lower T4 level
At what vertebral level does the thoracic aorta start at
T4
How many pairs of posterior intercostal arteries does the thoracic aorta give off
9 pairs
What artery branches off these posterior intercostal arteries
Radicular arteries
What do radicular arteries supply
The spinal cord
How many bronchial arteries supply the right lung
One
How many bronchial arteries supply the left lung
Two
Where do oesophageal arteries branch from
Thoracic aorta
What two veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian and internal jugular veins
AT what level does the Inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm at
T8
What duct does ALL lymph drain into
Thoracic Duct
Where does the thoracic duct originate at
Abdomen as the ‘cysterna chyli’
Why do we need hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins
There is NO vena cava on the left side of the body which it needs to return to the heart. Therefore, we need these veins to drain left intercostal venous blood into the azygous vein (only found on the right) which will return blood back into the heart via the inferior vena cava
Where does the nasal cavity extend from and to
From the nostrils to the choanae
What is the name of the cavity lying ‘just’ inside the nostril
Vestibule
What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity
Palatine bone and palatine process of the maxilla
Hint: The hard and soft palate lie just below the floor of the nasal cavity so we have a palatine bone
What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity
Anteriorly - Nasal and frontal bones
Middle - Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Posterior - Downward sloping body of the sphenoid
In which meatus does the nasolacrimal duct drain into
Inferior meatus
What nerves provide ordinary sensation to the nasal cavity
Maxillary and ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve ( Can’t be mandibular because the MANIDIBLES are a lot lower than the nasal cavity)
What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity
Maxillary artery
External carotid artery
What are the two lymph nodes found in the nasal cavity
Submandibular nodes
Upper deep cervical nodes
What are the borders that form the maxillary sinus
Roof - base of the orbit
Apex - Zygomatic process
Floor - Alveolar process
Base - Lateral wall of the nose
In what meatus does the maxillary sinus open up into
Middle meatus
What is the name of the opening that the maxillary sinus drains into at the middle meatus
Hiatus semilunaris
What does the hiatus semilunaris open up into
An infundibulum
What meatus and opening does the frontal sinus drain into
Hiatus semilunaris (at infundibulum) - Middle meatus
Where does the sphenoid drain into and what is the name of the opening
Superior meatus - Sphenoethmoidal recess
What other sinus also drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess
The posterior part of the ethmoid sinus
Where does the anterior and middle part of the ethmoid sinus drain into?
Middle - At middle meatus near the opening ‘bulba ethmoidalis
Anterior - At middle meatus through the opening ‘bulba ethmoidalis’
Where are the frontal sinuses located
Within the frontal bone
Over orbit and half way across superciliary arch
Nerve supply of the frontal sinus
Opthalmic division of trigeminal
Nerve supply of sphenoid sinus
Opthalmic division of trigeminal
Nerve supply of the Ethmoid inus
Opthalmic + Maxillary division of trigeminal
What structure is the sphenoidal sinus medial to
cavernous sinus
What does the sphenoidal sinus lie inferior to
Optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
What pharyngeal pouch is the thymus gland derived from
Third
In what compartment of the mediastinum is the thymus found
In the superior mediastinum
What arteries supply to thymus gland
Anterior intercostal arteries and branches of the internal thoracic artery
What is the trachea innervated by
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the bronchi innervated by
Vagus nerve
What part of the sternum is attached to the diaphragm
Xiphisternum
At what vertebral level is the right crus at
L1-3
At what vertebral level is the left crus at
L1-2
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus move through the diaphragm at and with what structure
T10 with vagus nerve
At what level does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein move through the diaphragm at
T12
At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava move through the diaphragm at
T8
What is special about the right crus of the diaphragm compared to the left crus
Right is used as a ‘physiological’ sphincter which is used to stop upwards movement of gastric content.
Approximately how long is the oesophagus
25cm
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus start at
C6
