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Phase 1 > Lung and the thorax: Anatomy > Flashcards

Lung and the thorax: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternal angle at?

A

T4

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2
Q

How does the sternal angle divide the mediastinum

A

Into a superior and inferior mediastinum

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3
Q

How does the pericardium divide the inferior mediastinum

A

Into an anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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4
Q

What major structures can I find in the superior mediastinum

A 
Oesophagus 
Aortic Arch
Thymus - Most predominant structure in the superior mediastinum 
L + R brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Phrenic nerve (which supplies diaphragm)
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5
Q

At what vertebral level does the aortic arch start and end at

A

Starts at upper T4 level and ends at lower T4 level

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6
Q

At what vertebral level does the thoracic aorta start at

A

T4

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7
Q

How many pairs of posterior intercostal arteries does the thoracic aorta give off

A

9 pairs

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8
Q

What artery branches off these posterior intercostal arteries

A

Radicular arteries

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9
Q

What do radicular arteries supply

A

The spinal cord

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10
Q

How many bronchial arteries supply the right lung

A

One

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11
Q

How many bronchial arteries supply the left lung

A

Two

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12
Q

Where do oesophageal arteries branch from

A

Thoracic aorta

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13
Q

What two veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein

A

Subclavian and internal jugular veins

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14
Q

AT what level does the Inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm at

A

T8

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15
Q

What duct does ALL lymph drain into

A

Thoracic Duct

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16
Q

Where does the thoracic duct originate at

A

Abdomen as the ‘cysterna chyli’

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17
Q

Why do we need hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

A

There is NO vena cava on the left side of the body which it needs to return to the heart. Therefore, we need these veins to drain left intercostal venous blood into the azygous vein (only found on the right) which will return blood back into the heart via the inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Where does the nasal cavity extend from and to

A

From the nostrils to the choanae

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19
Q

What is the name of the cavity lying ‘just’ inside the nostril

A

Vestibule

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20
Q

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity

A

Palatine bone and palatine process of the maxilla

Hint: The hard and soft palate lie just below the floor of the nasal cavity so we have a palatine bone

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21
Q

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Anteriorly - Nasal and frontal bones
Middle - Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Posterior - Downward sloping body of the sphenoid

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22
Q

In which meatus does the nasolacrimal duct drain into

A

Inferior meatus

23
Q

What nerves provide ordinary sensation to the nasal cavity

A

Maxillary and ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve ( Can’t be mandibular because the MANIDIBLES are a lot lower than the nasal cavity)

24
Q

What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity

A

Maxillary artery

External carotid artery

25
Q

What are the two lymph nodes found in the nasal cavity

A

Submandibular nodes

Upper deep cervical nodes

26
Q

What are the borders that form the maxillary sinus

A

Roof - base of the orbit
Apex - Zygomatic process
Floor - Alveolar process
Base - Lateral wall of the nose

27
Q

In what meatus does the maxillary sinus open up into

A

Middle meatus

28
Q

What is the name of the opening that the maxillary sinus drains into at the middle meatus

A

Hiatus semilunaris

29
Q

What does the hiatus semilunaris open up into

A

An infundibulum

30
Q

What meatus and opening does the frontal sinus drain into

A

Hiatus semilunaris (at infundibulum) - Middle meatus

31
Q

Where does the sphenoid drain into and what is the name of the opening

A

Superior meatus - Sphenoethmoidal recess

32
Q

What other sinus also drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

The posterior part of the ethmoid sinus

33
Q

Where does the anterior and middle part of the ethmoid sinus drain into?

A

Middle - At middle meatus near the opening ‘bulba ethmoidalis

Anterior - At middle meatus through the opening ‘bulba ethmoidalis’

34
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located

A

Within the frontal bone

Over orbit and half way across superciliary arch

35
Q

Nerve supply of the frontal sinus

A

Opthalmic division of trigeminal

36
Q

Nerve supply of sphenoid sinus

A

Opthalmic division of trigeminal

37
Q

Nerve supply of the Ethmoid inus

A

Opthalmic + Maxillary division of trigeminal

38
Q

What structure is the sphenoidal sinus medial to

A

cavernous sinus

39
Q

What does the sphenoidal sinus lie inferior to

A

Optic canal, dura and pituitary gland

40
Q

What pharyngeal pouch is the thymus gland derived from

A

Third

41
Q

In what compartment of the mediastinum is the thymus found

A

In the superior mediastinum

42
Q

What arteries supply to thymus gland

A

Anterior intercostal arteries and branches of the internal thoracic artery

43
Q

What is the trachea innervated by

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

44
Q

What is the bronchi innervated by

A

Vagus nerve

45
Q

What part of the sternum is attached to the diaphragm

A

Xiphisternum

46
Q

At what vertebral level is the right crus at

A

L1-3

47
Q

At what vertebral level is the left crus at

A

L1-2

48
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus move through the diaphragm at and with what structure

A

T10 with vagus nerve

49
Q

At what level does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein move through the diaphragm at

A

T12

50
Q

At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava move through the diaphragm at

A

T8

51
Q

What is special about the right crus of the diaphragm compared to the left crus

A

Right is used as a ‘physiological’ sphincter which is used to stop upwards movement of gastric content.

52
Q

Approximately how long is the oesophagus

A

25cm

53
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus start at

A

C6

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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