GI: Week 5 Flashcards by Neil Srivastava

What fuels are used by the brain

Glucose, ketones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fuels are used by the muscle

Glucose
Ketones (starvation)
Triacyglycerol
BCAA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fuels are used by the liver

AA
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Alcohol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why does the liver not use ketones as a source of fuel

Because they do not have the enzyme thiolase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fuel are used by the kidneys

Glucose + Ketones (cortex)

Glucose (medulla)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fuel is used by the small intestines

Ketones

Glutamine (AA)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fuel is used by the large intestines

Short-chained fatty acids

Glutamine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define BMR

Minimum amount of energy required to keep the body alive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What factor causes BMR to decrease

Age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the units for BMI

Kcal expended/hr/m^2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is vitamin A stored

Space of Disse

Liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is vitamin A needed for

Cell growth 
Vision
Healthy Skin 
Reproduction
Embryonic Development
Maintenance of body mucous membranes
Lymphocyte production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 sources of vit A

Liver
Dairy products
Oily Fish
Margarine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can a deficiency of vit A cause

Night blindness
Keratinising of epithelia
Impaired hearing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of via C

Synthesis of collagen, neurotransmitters

Absorption of plant-based iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sources of vit C

Citrus fruits
Potatoes
Green veg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does deficiency of via C result in

Weakness

Bleeding gums

Scurvy (50-100 days without bit C)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of via B

Important in cell metabolism + energy production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main bit B needed by the body

B-12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is vit D stored

Liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is vit D3

Cholecalciferol (skin produced vitamin D)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is vitamin D2

Derived from plants

What is the role of vitamin E

Antioxidant

What happens to food in the mouth

Moistened by saliva and mechanically broken down by the temperomandibular joint

What nerve innervates the muscles controlling the temperomandibular nerve

Mandibular nerve - V3

What is the role of the buccinator during oral phase

Helps contain food against teeth surface

What nerve senses when food is moist enough to be swallowed

Linguinal nerve

What do food particles form as they are pushed to the back of the mouth

Form a trough

What muscles allow for trough formation

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

What happens to the tongue as food is moved towards the back of the mouth

The tongue is elevated to the roof of the mouth via the mylohyoid and three glossus muscles

What two things happen to stop food entering the nasal cavity

1. Soft palate is elevated to close off the nasopharynx | 2. Walls of the pharynx move closer towards the soft palate

How does the pharynx prepare to recieve the bolus

1. The pharynx is moved upwards + forwards by the suprahyoid, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus muscles 2. Palatopharyngeal folds are brought close together by the superior constrictor muscles so only a small amount of bolus can pass through.

What happens to the auditory tube as food moves down the pharynx

The auditory tube opens due to the elevation of the pharynx and soft palate to equalise pressure in the nasopharynx and middle ear

What happens to muscles in the larynx to prevent aspiration

1. The glottis closes 2. Epiglottis folds over 3. True vocal cords adduct to stop aspiration 4. Hyoid elevates to lift pharynx and larynx further

When do the larynx and pharynx move back down

Via elastic recoil as food enters the oesophagus

How does the dorsal mesentery form

The connective tissue attaching to the gut sections and the abdominal wall narrow

How does the bile duct form

As hepatic cells penetrate the septum transversum, the connection between the liver and foregut begin to narro w

What cells are produced by the septum transversum

Haematopoietic cells Kupffer cells Connective Tissues

What structure gives rise to liver epithelial cells

Liver cords

Define parenchyma

A 'bulk' of cells

What produces the visceral peritoneum of the liver

Mesodermal cells on the surface of the liver

What are the innervation of the pharyngeal arches

5,7,9,10 (in that order) 5th - Superior laryngeal nerve 6th - Recurrent Laryngeal nerve

What muscles do the 1st pharyngeal arch develop into

All muscles innervated by the mandibular nerve (tensor tympani, mastication, digastric and myolohyoid)

What bones does the 1st pharyngeal arch develop into

Maxilla, mandible, incus and malleus

What muscles does the second arch develop into

Facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid,

What bones does the second arch develop into

Stapes, styloid, lessor horn of hyoid cartilage

What muscles does the third arch develop into

Stylopharyngess

What bones does the third arch develop into

Body + greater horn of the hyoid cartilage

What is the fourth arch innervated by

Superior laryngeal nerve of the Vagus

What muscle does the fourth arch develop into

Cricothyroid muscle

What bones doe the fourth arch develop into

Thyroid cartilage and epiglottic cartilage

What muscle does the 6th arch develop into

All laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid

What bones does the 6th arch develop into

Cricoid cartilage, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform