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Phase 1 > GI: Week 5 > Flashcards

GI: Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What fuels are used by the brain

A

Glucose, ketones

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2
Q

What fuels are used by the muscle

A

Glucose
Ketones (starvation)
Triacyglycerol
BCAA

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3
Q

What fuels are used by the liver

A

AA
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Alcohol

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4
Q

Why does the liver not use ketones as a source of fuel

A

Because they do not have the enzyme thiolase

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5
Q

What fuel are used by the kidneys

A

Glucose + Ketones (cortex)

Glucose (medulla)

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6
Q

What fuel is used by the small intestines

A

Ketones

Glutamine (AA)

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7
Q

What fuel is used by the large intestines

A

Short-chained fatty acids

Glutamine

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8
Q

Define BMR

A

Minimum amount of energy required to keep the body alive

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9
Q

What factor causes BMR to decrease

A

Age

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10
Q

What is the units for BMI

A

Kcal expended/hr/m^2

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11
Q

Where is vitamin A stored

A

Space of Disse

Liver

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12
Q

What is vitamin A needed for

A 
Cell growth 
Vision
Healthy Skin 
Reproduction
Embryonic Development
Maintenance of body mucous membranes
Lymphocyte production
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13
Q

4 sources of vit A

A

Liver
Dairy products
Oily Fish
Margarine

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14
Q

What can a deficiency of vit A cause

A

Night blindness
Keratinising of epithelia
Impaired hearing

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15
Q

What is the function of via C

A

Synthesis of collagen, neurotransmitters

Absorption of plant-based iron

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16
Q

Sources of vit C

A

Citrus fruits
Potatoes
Green veg

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17
Q

What does deficiency of via C result in

A

Weakness

Bleeding gums

Scurvy (50-100 days without bit C)

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18
Q

What is the function of via B

A

Important in cell metabolism + energy production

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19
Q

What is the main bit B needed by the body

A

B-12

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20
Q

Where is vit D stored

A

Liver

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21
Q

What is vit D3

A

Cholecalciferol (skin produced vitamin D)

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22
Q

What is vitamin D2

A

Derived from plants

23
Q

What is the role of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

24
Q

What happens to food in the mouth

A

Moistened by saliva and mechanically broken down by the temperomandibular joint

25
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles controlling the temperomandibular nerve

A

Mandibular nerve - V3

26
Q

What is the role of the buccinator during oral phase

A

Helps contain food against teeth surface

27
Q

What nerve senses when food is moist enough to be swallowed

A

Linguinal nerve

28
Q

What do food particles form as they are pushed to the back of the mouth

A

Form a trough

29
Q

What muscles allow for trough formation

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

30
Q

What happens to the tongue as food is moved towards the back of the mouth

A

The tongue is elevated to the roof of the mouth via the mylohyoid and three glossus muscles

31
Q

What two things happen to stop food entering the nasal cavity

A
  1. Soft palate is elevated to close off the nasopharynx

2. Walls of the pharynx move closer towards the soft palate

32
Q

How does the pharynx prepare to recieve the bolus

A
  1. The pharynx is moved upwards + forwards by the suprahyoid, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus muscles
  2. Palatopharyngeal folds are brought close together by the superior constrictor muscles so only a small amount of bolus can pass through.
33
Q

What happens to the auditory tube as food moves down the pharynx

A

The auditory tube opens due to the elevation of the pharynx and soft palate to equalise pressure in the nasopharynx and middle ear

34
Q

What happens to muscles in the larynx to prevent aspiration

A
  1. The glottis closes
  2. Epiglottis folds over
  3. True vocal cords adduct to stop aspiration
  4. Hyoid elevates to lift pharynx and larynx further
35
Q

When do the larynx and pharynx move back down

A

Via elastic recoil as food enters the oesophagus

36
Q

How does the dorsal mesentery form

A

The connective tissue attaching to the gut sections and the abdominal wall narrow

37
Q

How does the bile duct form

A

As hepatic cells penetrate the septum transversum, the connection between the liver and foregut begin to narro w

38
Q

What cells are produced by the septum transversum

A

Haematopoietic cells
Kupffer cells
Connective Tissues

39
Q

What structure gives rise to liver epithelial cells

A

Liver cords

40
Q

Define parenchyma

A

A ‘bulk’ of cells

41
Q

What produces the visceral peritoneum of the liver

A

Mesodermal cells on the surface of the liver

42
Q

What are the innervation of the pharyngeal arches

A

5,7,9,10 (in that order)

5th - Superior laryngeal nerve

6th - Recurrent Laryngeal nerve

43
Q

What muscles do the 1st pharyngeal arch develop into

A

All muscles innervated by the mandibular nerve (tensor tympani, mastication, digastric and myolohyoid)

44
Q

What bones does the 1st pharyngeal arch develop into

A

Maxilla, mandible, incus and malleus

45
Q

What muscles does the second arch develop into

A

Facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid,

46
Q

What bones does the second arch develop into

A

Stapes, styloid, lessor horn of hyoid cartilage

47
Q

What muscles does the third arch develop into

A

Stylopharyngess

48
Q

What bones does the third arch develop into

A

Body + greater horn of the hyoid cartilage

49
Q

What is the fourth arch innervated by

A

Superior laryngeal nerve of the Vagus

50
Q

What muscle does the fourth arch develop into

A

Cricothyroid muscle

51
Q

What bones doe the fourth arch develop into

A

Thyroid cartilage and epiglottic cartilage

52
Q

What muscle does the 6th arch develop into

A

All laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid

53
Q

What bones does the 6th arch develop into

A

Cricoid cartilage, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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