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Phase 1 > IMMS: Week 5 > Flashcards

IMMS: Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Give three examples of fatty acids

A

Oleic
Palmitic
Stearic

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2
Q

Where is the electron transport chain locacted

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

What is contained in the inner mitochondrial membrane surface

A

Cytochromes

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4
Q

What does a cytochrome contain

A

Iron and copper co-factors

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5
Q

Describe what happens in the Electron transport chain

A

Check book

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6
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of NADH

A

2.5

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7
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of FADH2

A

1.5

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8
Q

What is the overall reaction of aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38 Pi -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 34-38 ATP

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9
Q

What do we have to assume about oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and kerb’s cycle to state 38ATP molecules are produced from them

A

That all NADH produced in glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle enter oxidative phosphorylation and ALL H+ are used in chemiosmosis

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10
Q

Why does ketogenesis take place

A

Because some acetyl coA exceed the capacity of the Kreb’s cycle and so need to be used to make ketone bodies instead

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11
Q

Were are ketone bodies produced

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Describe the process of ketogenesis

A

Look in book

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13
Q

What happens to acetoacetate after ketogenesis

A

It is converted to acetone and expired by the lungs

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14
Q

What happens to the level of oxaloacetate when carbohydrate utilisation is low or deficient

A

Oxaloacetate levels will also be low

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15
Q

What happens to acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate after ketogenesis

A

It is used as fuel in many tissues

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16
Q

What happens to acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate in skeletal muscles

A
  1. Taken into cytosol and into mitochondrial matrix
  2. B-hydrobutyrate -> acetoacetate
  3. Acetoacetate -> Acetoacetyl CoA
  4. Acetoacetyl CoA -> Two molecules of Acetyl CoA
  5. Acetyl CoA used in Kreb’s Cycle
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17
Q

What converts acetoacetyl CoA to Acetyl CoA

A

Thiolase enzyme

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18
Q

Why can’t the liver use ketones as a fuel

A

No presence of SUCCINYL COA which is needed to convert acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA

Can’t be used to produce Acetyl CoA

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19
Q

How is ketogenesis controlled

A

By the rate of release of fatty acids from adipose tissue

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20
Q

In what organ does ketogenesis take place

A

Liver

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21
Q

What causes the rate of production of ketone bodies to increase

A

Decrease in carbohydrate stores

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22
Q

How does diabetic ketoacidosis occur

A

From reduced supply of glucose and increased in fatty acid oxidation

Increased Acetyl CoA -> Increased Ketogenesis

Kettles are strong acids so this lowers blood pH

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23
Q

What is the pH of ketone bodies

24
Q

What is the problem of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Impairs ability for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen

25
What are ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species: Highly reactive oxygen containing compounds that are free radicals (unpaired electrons in their orbital)
26
Why are radicals so reactive
Because they try to extract electrons from other compounds to fill their outer orbitals
27
What is the most potent ROS
Hydroxyl
28
Where are exogenous sources of ROS
UV, tobacco and drugs
29
What are endogenous sources of ROS
NADPH and ECT
30
How do Oxygen radicals form
Check book
31
Why is H2O2 considered an ROS
Because it is readily converted to the OH radical in cells Lipid soluble so can cause damage away from site of formation
32
What compounds catalyse the formation of a hydroxyl radical from hydrogen peroxide
Fe2+ and Cu2+
33
What is the reaction of formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide
Fenton reaction
34
Describe the Fenton Reaction
H2O2 + Fe2+ -> Fe3+ + OH- + OH (radical)
35
What two reactions are found in the Haber-Weiss Reaction
Fenton Reaction Haber-Weiss Reaction
36
What two reactions do hydroxyl radicals initiate
Lipid Peroxides | Organic Radicals
37
What compound do free radicals DAMAGE
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
38
What membranes do free radicals they damage
Cells Nuclear Mitochondrial ER
39
Is DNA affected by the hydroxyl radical
Yes, it damages DNA and causes mutations
40
What are respiratory bursts
Immune system defence against bacteria
41
When are ROS released by immune cells
Following phagocytosis
42
How do ROS form through immune cells
1. NADPH oxidase reduces oxygen to superoxide | 2. Superoxide is reduced to H2O2 -> OH radical
43
What happens to ROS produced by immune cells
Myeloperoxidases combine H2O2 with CL- to produce CLO-
44
What is CLO- needed for
Destroying bacteria by damaging bacterial cell membranes
45
What enzyme converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen
Superoxide dismutase
46
What enzyme catalyses conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Catalase
47
What is the role of catalase in the immune system
Protects WBCs against own rest bursts
48
What enzyme catalyses the reduction of H2O2 to water and a disulphide
Glutathione Peroxidase
49
What are two antioxidant vitamins
E and C
50
Role of E
Protects against lipid per oxidation and stops free radical propagation in membranes
51
Role of C
Reacts with superoxide and hydroxyl radical
52
What is the Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
pH = pKa + log([HCO3-]/[CO2])
53
What is the role of protein matrix of the bone
Buffer large amounts of H+ in patients with chronic acidosis
54
What pH results in academia
Less than 7.35
55
What pH results in alkalaemia
More than 7.45
56
What PaCO2 level is a sign of respiratory acidosis
>6 kPa
57
What PaCO2 level is a sign of respiratory alkalosis
<4.5 kPa

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