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Phase 1 > Lungs: Fine-tuning > Flashcards

Lungs: Fine-tuning Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to pH of the blood as it passes through systemic capillaries

A

It decreases

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2
Q

How is the efficiency of O2 transmission to cells affected as blood passes through systemic capillaries

A

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts which causes MORE O2 to be delivered to the cells

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3
Q

Is the airway involved in the swallowing reflex and vomiting reflex. If so, how?

A

They are:
Swallowing reflex - Respiration is INHIBITED to prevent aspiration of food

Vomiting Reflex - Oesophagus relaxes and the glottis is CLOSED

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4
Q

What happens to the amount of surfactant as the lungs inflate and why is this the case

A

The amount of surfactant decreases to prevent OVERINFLATION

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5
Q

What happens to the amount of pulmonary surfactant when blood flow is interrupted

A

The amount of surfactant decreases when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted as this occlusion causes the lungs to collapse

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6
Q

How does lung residual volume vary as people age?

A

The lung residual volume INCREASES

Tidal Volume DECREASES

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7
Q

How does the lung volume level at which small airways start to close during expiration change with age

A

Increases with age

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8
Q

At what stage of inspiration is INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE is lowest?

A

End of inspiration

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9
Q

At what stage of inspiration is INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE lowest?

A

mid-inspiration

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10
Q

At what stage of inspiration is INTRAOESOPHAGEAL PRESSURE lowest?

A

end of inspiration

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11
Q

An increase in CO2 uptake causes an equal increase in HCO3- and H+. True or False?

A

False

H+ is largely buffered by haemoglobin so it doesn’t enter the blood while HCO3- is

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12
Q

What has the highest conc in arterial blood, CO2 or O2

A

CO2

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13
Q

What is usually bigger, the rate of perfusion or the rate ventilation

A

Rate of perfusion

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14
Q

What receptors bring about bronchoconstriction

A

M3

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15
Q

Describe the hering-breuer inflation reflex

A
  • Stretch receptors found throughout the bronchi and bronchioles send impulses down the vagi to the DRG when stretched
  • Stops APs being transmitted to inspiratory muscles, causing them to RELAX
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16
Q

Describe the flow-volume curve

A

Flow into the lungs increases as volume increases initially until we reach a peak called the peak expiratory flow. The flow rate begins to decrease as we reach the end of inspiration

We then reach FVC

Flow reaches a lower peak during inspiration (the peak inspiratory flow)

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17
Q

What does the volume-time curve of a spirometer show

A

FEV1 + volume of air breathed out during maximal exhalation

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18
Q

What kind of receptor is M3

A

G-coupled

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19
Q

What do M3 receptors cause in the bronchioles

A

Increased intracellular Ca2+ - BRONCHOCONSTRICTION

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20
Q

What do M3 receptors cause in the endothelium

A

Increased release of NO - VASODILATION

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21
Q

What binds to beta-2 receptors

A

adrenaline

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22
Q

When is beta-2 receptor binding adrenaline released

A

When noradrenaline binds to the adrenal glands - BRONCHODILATION

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23
Q

When is compliance of lung greatest (spirometer wise)

A

Within the normal range of the tidal volume

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24
Q

What happens to the rate of ventilation at high altitudes

A

Increases

25
Q

What happens to the blood pH at high altitudes

A

Increased ventilation causes respiratory alkalosis (increased pH)

26
Q

What is the difference between the right and left main bronchus

A

Right is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left

27
Q

Is the right or left bronchus more prone to aspiration

A

Right as it’s more vertical

28
Q

At what level do the trachea divide into the left and right main bronchus

A

T5 (Carina)

29
Q

How many branches of the left bronchi are there

A

2

30
Q

How many branches of the right bronchi are there

A

3

31
Q

What does the main bronchi divide into

A

Lobar bronchi

32
Q

What does the lobar bronchi divide into

A

Segmental bronchi

33
Q

What does the segmental bronchi divide into

A

Terminal bronchi

34
Q

What does the terminal bronchioles divide into

A

respiratory bronchioles

35
Q

How many segmental bronchioles are there in the right and left lung

A

Right - 10

Left - 8

36
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea begin at

A

C6

37
Q

What innervates the vocal folds

A

Vagus nerve

38
Q

Where are the vocal folds located

A

Larynx just under the trachea

39
Q

What structure do the vocal folds belong to

A

Rima Glottidis

40
Q

What is the rima glottidis

A

The opening between the true vocal cords and arytenoid cartilage of the larynx

41
Q

What muscles cause the closure of the rims glottides

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles

42
Q

What is the rima glottides opened by

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

43
Q

How do the vocal folds produce noise

A

They are brought close enough together that air pressure begins to build up below the larynx

Eventually the sub glottal pressure pushes the folds apart producing sound

44
Q

What cartilage is the corniculate made of

A

Elastic cartilage

45
Q

What cartilage do the corniculate articulate with

A

Arytenoid

46
Q

What is the role of the corniculate

A

Prolong cartilage posteriorly and medially

47
Q

Where can we find the corniculate cartilage

A

In the aryepiglottic fold

48
Q

What structure is attached to the arytenoid

A

Vocal cords

49
Q

Role of the arytenoid

A

Allow vocal cords to be tensed and relaxed

50
Q

What cartilage is the cuneiform made of

A

Elastic

51
Q

Where are the cuneiform cartilage found

A

Aryepiglottic fold

52
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet

A

An opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx

53
Q

What forms the border of the laryngeal inlet

A

Anteriorly by the epiglottis

Posteriorly by arytenoid and corniculate

Inferiorly by the aryepiglottic fold

54
Q

Define ‘functional residual capacity’

A

The volume of gas PRESENT in the lungs when respiratory muscles are completely relaxed

55
Q

How does standing upright affect the distribution of air in the lungs

A

Alveoli at the apex recieve more air than those at the base due to gravity

56
Q

How does the size of the alveoli in the lungs vary

A

Those further towards the apex are larger than those closer to the base - due to gravity

57
Q

At what level is FiO2 supplied to patients and why can’t it be higher than this

A

0.5, can’t be higher because oxygen toxicity can occur.

58
Q

What muscle fixes the 12th rib during inspiration

A

Quadratus Lumborum

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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