IMMS: Week 4

Question 1

What is the consequence of hyperkalemia

Answer 1

Risk of myocardial infarction

Question 2

What is hypokalaemia

Answer 2

Low potassium levels

Question 3

What is the consequence of hypokalaemia

Answer 3

Weakness + Cardiac dysrhythmia

Question 4

How is hypercalcaemia caused

Answer 4

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 5

What is the consequence of hypercalcaemia

Answer 5

Metastatic calcification

Question 6

What is the plasma membrane composed of

Answer 6

Lipid, proteins + carbohydrates

Question 7

What do glycolipids do in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

Used in cell signalling, joins cells to form tissues + stability

Question 8

What do glycoproteins do in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 8

Cell to cell recognition + acts as receptors

Question 9

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

Answer 9

Maintains fluidity in membrane

Question 10

What property do all lipids in the plasma membrane have

Answer 10

Amphipathic

Question 11

What are roles of the plasma membrane

Answer 11

• Acts as a selective barrier to the outside environment
• Compartmentalisation
• Partially permeable
• Cell signalling
• Insulator (myelin sheath)

Question 12

How does the plasma membrane prevent leakage of molecules into the cell

Answer 12

Tight junctions help seal cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

Question 13

What is the role of ‘actin filaments’ in the plasma membrane

Answer 13

They allow cell to cell adhesion through adherent junctions + cell to matrix adhesion through adherent junctions too

Question 14

What are adherens junctions

Answer 14

Joins actin bundle in one cell to the same bundle in another

Question 15

What are the role of intermediate filaments in the cel plasma membrane

Answer 15

Enables cell to cell adhesion through desmosomes + cell to matrix adhesion through focal adherent junctions

Question 16

How do desmosomes function

Answer 16

Resist shearing forces + join the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in another

Question 17

What are hemidesmosomes

Answer 17

Anchor intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

Question 18

What are the functions of the gap junction in the plasma membrane

Answer 18

They allow the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

Question 19

What is the role of pinocytes

Answer 19

Bring in dissolved solutes

Question 20

What is endocytosis mediated by

Answer 20

Receptors found in coated pits

Question 21

How do receptors function during endocytosis

Answer 21

Ligands bind to the receptor and the complex formed is engulfed, releasing the ligand into the cytosol

Question 22

What is the cytosol

Answer 22

Fluid portion of the cell in the cytoplasm

Question 23

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 23

The movement of substances down their conc. gradient via carrier proteins (if they are large molecules) or protein channels (charged particles)

Question 24

What form of food provides the most energy per gram

Answer 24

Lipids

Question 25

Describe the structure of a protein

Answer 25

Amino acids in chain containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 26

Structure of a lipid

Answer 26

Three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule by an ester bond

Question 27

Define metabolism

Answer 27

Chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

Question 28

Define BMR

Answer 28

The minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive in REST state

Question 29

What factors increase BMR

Answer 29

``` High BMI HYPERthyroidism Low ambient temperature Fever/infection Pregnancy Excersise ```

Question 30

What factors decrease BMR

Answer 30

Age gender (females have a lower BMR) Starvation HYPOthyroidism

Question 31

Why do females hav a lower BMI

Answer 31

Because they have less metabolically active tissues

Question 32

Define Daily energy expenditure

Answer 32

Energy to support our BMR and our physical activity + energy required to process food we eat

Question 33

How much ATP production is contributed to by carbohydrates at rest

Answer 33

30%

Question 34

How much ATP production is contributed to by lipids at rest

Answer 34

70%

Question 35

Describe the structure of ATP

Answer 35

Adenine, ribose and phosphate

Question 36

Where is adenine found

Answer 36

DNA and RNA NAD and FAD

Question 37

When does adenine form adenosine

Answer 37

Adenine attached to ribose

Question 38

Describe the structure of ribose

Answer 38

Simple 5 carbon sugars (monosaccharide) also found in RNA

Question 39

How many phosphate groups are found in ATP

Answer 39

3

Question 40

NOTES: Adenine + Ribose = Adenosine Adenosine + three phosphates = ATP

Answer 40

.

Question 41

What are the bonds join the phosphate groups together in ATP

Answer 41

Phosphoanhyrdride bonds

Question 42

How many phosphoanhydride bonds are present in an ATP molecule

Answer 42

Two Lose one = ADP Lose second = AMP

Question 43

What are phosphoanhydride bonds also known as

Answer 43

High energy bonds

Question 44

How does ATP provide energy

Answer 44

When phosphate bonds are broken energy is released 1. Energy put in to break bonds 2. Energy released when bonds reform in the products Energy released > Energy put in

Question 45

What six physiological ways can produce ATO

Answer 45

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs' Cycle 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation 4. Substrate level phosphorylation 5. Electron transport chain 6. Beta Oxidation

Question 46

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place

Answer 46

Cytosol

Question 47

Describe the chemical reaction that takes place during glycolysis

Answer 47

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H20

Question 48

What is an isomerase

Answer 48

An enzyme that re-arranges the structure of a substrate without changing its molecular formula

Question 49

What is a mutase

Answer 49

An enzyme that re-arranges the structure of a substrate without changing its molecular formula

Question 50

What is aldolase

Answer 50

Enzyme that creates or breaks carbon-carbon bonds

Question 51

What is a dehydrogenase

Answer 51

An enzyme that moves a HYDRIDE ion (H-) to an electron acceptor

Question 52

What is an elonase

Answer 52

An enzyme that produces a carbon=carbon double bond by removing an -OH

Question 53

Describe the process of glycolysis

Answer 53

Check book

Question 54

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis

Answer 54

Two ATP molecules

Question 55

What two compounds are used to convert pyruvate into lactate

Answer 55

NAD+ and H+

Question 56

What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions

Answer 56

Pyruvate can't undergo the Kreb's cycle or Oxidative Phosphorylation and is converted to lactate instead

Question 57

What happens to lactate produced during glycolysis

Answer 57

Used in gluconeogenesis at the Liver

Question 58

What factor affects Phosphofructokinase-1

Answer 58

pH - inhibited by acidic conditions

Question 59

How does AMP regulate glycolysis

Answer 59

Activates phosphofructokinase-1 allosteric site to increase enzyme affinity for fructose-6-phosphate

Question 60

How does ATP regulate glycolysis

Answer 60

This inhibits the allosteric site for PFK-1

Question 61

What is the first molecule that enters the Kreb's cycle

Answer 61

Acetyl CoA

Question 62

What is Acetyl CoA derived from

Answer 62

B Vitamin Pantothenic acid

Question 63

How does Acetyl CoA function

Answer 63

Transfers acetyl groups (2 carbons) from one molecule to another

Question 64

What compound is Acetyl CoA produced from

Answer 64

Pyruvate or beta-oxidation of fatty acids or AA breakdown

Question 65

What condition does Kreb's cycle take place in

Answer 65

Aerobic conditions since oxidative phosphorylation is needed to convert NADH + FADH2 back to NAD+ and FAD

Question 66

Where does beta oxidation take place

Answer 66

In the mitochondrial matrix

Question 67

Can fatty acids over 12 carbon long move through the outer-mitochondrial membrane

Answer 67

No

Question 68

How do fatty acids pas through the outer-mitochondrial membrane

Answer 68

Acyl CoA is converted to (via Carnitine acyltransferase-1) to Acyl Carnitine

Question 69

Describe the process by which Acyl CoA is converted to Acyl CArnitine

Answer 69

CoA is removed from Acyl CoA and Carnitine is added

Question 70

What happens to Acyl Carnitine once it passes through the outer mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondria + what is the entire process known as

Answer 70

The Acyl Carnitine is converted to Acyl CoA via Carnitine Acyltransferase-2 Known as the carnitine shuffle

Question 71

What happens to the fatty Acyl CoA in the mitochondria

Answer 71

Beta-oxidation

Question 72

How many NADH are produced in one round of b-oxidation

Answer 72

1 mol

Question 73

How many FADH2 are produced in one round of b-oxidation

Answer 73

1 mol

Question 74

How many Acetyl CoA are produced in one round of b-oxidation

Answer 74

1 mol

Question 75

What happens to the Acetyl CoA produced in b-oxidationn

Answer 75

Used in Kreb's Cycle

Question 76

What happens to the one mol of NADH and FADH2 produced during beta oxidation

Answer 76

Used in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 77

Do fatty acids act as a fuel source for the nervous system?

Answer 77

No