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Phase 1 > IMMS: Week 4 > Flashcards

IMMS: Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the consequence of hyperkalemia

A

Risk of myocardial infarction

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2
Q

What is hypokalaemia

A

Low potassium levels

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3
Q

What is the consequence of hypokalaemia

A

Weakness + Cardiac dysrhythmia

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4
Q

How is hypercalcaemia caused

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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5
Q

What is the consequence of hypercalcaemia

A

Metastatic calcification

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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of

A

Lipid, proteins + carbohydrates

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7
Q

What do glycolipids do in the phospholipid bilayer

A

Used in cell signalling, joins cells to form tissues + stability

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8
Q

What do glycoproteins do in the phospholipid bilayer

A

Cell to cell recognition + acts as receptors

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9
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

Maintains fluidity in membrane

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10
Q

What property do all lipids in the plasma membrane have

A

Amphipathic

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11
Q

What are roles of the plasma membrane

A
  • Acts as a selective barrier to the outside environment
  • Compartmentalisation
  • Partially permeable
  • Cell signalling
  • Insulator (myelin sheath)
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12
Q

How does the plasma membrane prevent leakage of molecules into the cell

A

Tight junctions help seal cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

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13
Q

What is the role of ‘actin filaments’ in the plasma membrane

A

They allow cell to cell adhesion through adherent junctions + cell to matrix adhesion through adherent junctions too

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14
Q

What are adherens junctions

A

Joins actin bundle in one cell to the same bundle in another

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15
Q

What are the role of intermediate filaments in the cel plasma membrane

A

Enables cell to cell adhesion through desmosomes + cell to matrix adhesion through focal adherent junctions

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16
Q

How do desmosomes function

A

Resist shearing forces + join the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in another

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17
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

Anchor intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

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18
Q

What are the functions of the gap junction in the plasma membrane

A

They allow the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

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19
Q

What is the role of pinocytes

A

Bring in dissolved solutes

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20
Q

What is endocytosis mediated by

A

Receptors found in coated pits

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21
Q

How do receptors function during endocytosis

A

Ligands bind to the receptor and the complex formed is engulfed, releasing the ligand into the cytosol

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22
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Fluid portion of the cell in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of substances down their conc. gradient via carrier proteins (if they are large molecules) or protein channels (charged particles)

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24
Q

What form of food provides the most energy per gram

A

Lipids

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25
Q

Describe the structure of a protein

A

Amino acids in chain containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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26
Q

Structure of a lipid

A

Three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule by an ester bond

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27
Q

Define metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

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28
Q

Define BMR

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive in REST state

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29
Q

What factors increase BMR

A 
High BMI
HYPERthyroidism 
Low ambient temperature 
Fever/infection
Pregnancy 
Excersise
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30
Q

What factors decrease BMR

A

Age
gender (females have a lower BMR)
Starvation
HYPOthyroidism

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31
Q

Why do females hav a lower BMI

A

Because they have less metabolically active tissues

32
Q

Define Daily energy expenditure

A

Energy to support our BMR and our physical activity + energy required to process food we eat

33
Q

How much ATP production is contributed to by carbohydrates at rest

A

30%

34
Q

How much ATP production is contributed to by lipids at rest

A

70%

35
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

Adenine, ribose and phosphate

36
Q

Where is adenine found

A

DNA and RNA

NAD and FAD

37
Q

When does adenine form adenosine

A

Adenine attached to ribose

38
Q

Describe the structure of ribose

A

Simple 5 carbon sugars (monosaccharide) also found in RNA

39
Q

How many phosphate groups are found in ATP

A

3

40
Q

NOTES: Adenine + Ribose = Adenosine

Adenosine + three phosphates = ATP

A

.

41
Q

What are the bonds join the phosphate groups together in ATP

A

Phosphoanhyrdride bonds

42
Q

How many phosphoanhydride bonds are present in an ATP molecule

A

Two

Lose one = ADP
Lose second = AMP

43
Q

What are phosphoanhydride bonds also known as

A

High energy bonds

44
Q

How does ATP provide energy

A

When phosphate bonds are broken energy is released

  1. Energy put in to break bonds
  2. Energy released when bonds reform in the products

Energy released > Energy put in

45
Q

What six physiological ways can produce ATO

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs’ Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  4. Substrate level phosphorylation
  5. Electron transport chain
  6. Beta Oxidation
46
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place

A

Cytosol

47
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that takes place during glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H20

48
Q

What is an isomerase

A

An enzyme that re-arranges the structure of a substrate without changing its molecular formula

49
Q

What is a mutase

A

An enzyme that re-arranges the structure of a substrate without changing its molecular formula

50
Q

What is aldolase

A

Enzyme that creates or breaks carbon-carbon bonds

51
Q

What is a dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme that moves a HYDRIDE ion (H-) to an electron acceptor

52
Q

What is an elonase

A

An enzyme that produces a carbon=carbon double bond by removing an -OH

53
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Check book

54
Q

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis

A

Two ATP molecules

55
Q

What two compounds are used to convert pyruvate into lactate

A

NAD+ and H+

56
Q

What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions

A

Pyruvate can’t undergo the Kreb’s cycle or Oxidative Phosphorylation and is converted to lactate instead

57
Q

What happens to lactate produced during glycolysis

A

Used in gluconeogenesis at the Liver

58
Q

What factor affects Phosphofructokinase-1

A

pH - inhibited by acidic conditions

59
Q

How does AMP regulate glycolysis

A

Activates phosphofructokinase-1 allosteric site to increase enzyme affinity for fructose-6-phosphate

60
Q

How does ATP regulate glycolysis

A

This inhibits the allosteric site for PFK-1

61
Q

What is the first molecule that enters the Kreb’s cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

62
Q

What is Acetyl CoA derived from

A

B Vitamin Pantothenic acid

63
Q

How does Acetyl CoA function

A

Transfers acetyl groups (2 carbons) from one molecule to another

64
Q

What compound is Acetyl CoA produced from

A

Pyruvate or beta-oxidation of fatty acids or AA breakdown

65
Q

What condition does Kreb’s cycle take place in

A

Aerobic conditions since oxidative phosphorylation is needed to convert NADH + FADH2 back to NAD+ and FAD

66
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

67
Q

Can fatty acids over 12 carbon long move through the outer-mitochondrial membrane

A

No

68
Q

How do fatty acids pas through the outer-mitochondrial membrane

A

Acyl CoA is converted to (via Carnitine acyltransferase-1) to Acyl Carnitine

69
Q

Describe the process by which Acyl CoA is converted to Acyl CArnitine

A

CoA is removed from Acyl CoA and Carnitine is added

70
Q

What happens to Acyl Carnitine once it passes through the outer mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondria + what is the entire process known as

A

The Acyl Carnitine is converted to Acyl CoA

via Carnitine Acyltransferase-2

Known as the carnitine shuffle

71
Q

What happens to the fatty Acyl CoA in the mitochondria

A

Beta-oxidation

72
Q

How many NADH are produced in one round of b-oxidation

A

1 mol

73
Q

How many FADH2 are produced in one round of b-oxidation

A

1 mol

74
Q

How many Acetyl CoA are produced in one round of b-oxidation

A

1 mol

75
Q

What happens to the Acetyl CoA produced in b-oxidationn

A

Used in Kreb’s Cycle

76
Q

What happens to the one mol of NADH and FADH2 produced during beta oxidation

A

Used in oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

Do fatty acids act as a fuel source for the nervous system?

A

No

Phase 1 (30 decks)

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