Public Health 2 Flashcards
Formula for alcohol units
(% of alcohol by volume x amount of liquid in mm) / 1000
What is foetal alcohol syndrome
Growth retardation, CNS abnormalities, congenital defects
What are some CAGE questions for alcohol dependancy
- Ever felt like you should cut down
- Been annoyed when people tell you to cut down
- Do you feel guilty by how much you drink
- Eye opener: Ever had a drink first thing in the morning
What is patient-centred medicine
Involves a shift in focus from treatment to care
Reasons for non-compliance
(not understanding doctor intructions or patient believes advice won’t help)
What is adherence
Acknowledges the importance of patient belief.
Knowledge from health experts should enhance patient knowledge and adherence to recommended medical regime
Define concordance
Thinks of patients and doctors as equal in care
What is PICO
P - Population (How would i describe this group of patient)
I - Intervention (Which main intervention is of interest)
C - Comparison (Comparing between two interventions)
O - Outcome (What do I hope the intervention will accomplish)
What is the hierarchy of evidence
1a - Systematic reviews or meta analysis of RCTs (gold standard)
1b - At least 1 RCT
2a - At least 1 controlled trial without randomisation
2b - At least 1 other type of quasi-experimental study
What is the purpose of critical appraisal
To assess and consider validity, reliability and applicability so we can apply results to our own patients
What factors should we tak einto account when critically appraising
- Stats
- Chance
- Bias
- Confounding factors
Define validity
How close to the truth something is
Define reliability
How consistent the results are
Define meta-analysis
Statistical methods used to analyse and summarise the results of the included studies
What is routine health data
Data on population health that is collected on a regular basis
Why is routine health data collected
- Monitor health of a population
- Generate hypotheses on causes of ill-health
- Inform planning of services
- Evaluate and assess performance of policies and services
name three types of qualitative research
Interviews
Documentary analysis
Ethnography
What is ethnography
Emerging oneself in a particular lifestyle or group
What are problems associated with qualitative research
Crisis of representation: Research can’t capture lived experiences
Reflexivity: Personal interpretations of data
Generalisation
Interactive Kinds: Over-analysis of oneself using existing theories
Define a sample
A group within a population we are studying
What is a population
All individuals in which we are interested in
What is stratified random sampling
Population is divided into groups and then randomly sampled within those groups
What is convenience sampling
Non-random process looking at all patients available at a particular point in time
Define standard error
Standard deviation of all sample means
Why is standard error used
Used as an estimate of precision (estimates how far from the true value the sample estimate is)
Where is the 95% confidence interval found
1.96 SE above and below the mean
Formula for test statistic
Observed value - hypothesised value / Standard error of the hypothesised value
Why do we need a test statistic
To reduce data into a single value
Define a p value
Probablility of obtaining the test statistics from the data, assuming the null hypothesis is true
What is the ‘power of a study’
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true
