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Structure of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respiratory system:

A
  • respiration
  • host defense
  • metabolism
  • speech
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2
Q

Def of ventilation:

A

physical movement of gas between atmosphere and lungs

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3
Q

Anatomy of ventilation:

A

conducting airways

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4
Q

Physiology of ventilation:

A

respiratory muscles

- mechanics of breathing

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5
Q

Respiration is the…

A

exchange of gases

  • NOT physical movement of gases
  • different than ventilation
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6
Q

External respiration is the exchange of gases between…

A

air and blood

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7
Q

Anatomy of external respiration:

A

gas exchanging unit (alveolar-capillary)

- pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

Physiology of external respiration:

A

factors that affect movement of gases being exchanged

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9
Q

Internal respiration is the exchange of gas exchange at…

A

systemic capillary beds

- between blood and tissues

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10
Q

Cellular respiration is the use of…

A

O2 in the production of ATP and generation of CO2 as a waste product

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11
Q

Respiratory tract begins at the…

A

nose and ends at the alveolus

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12
Q

Respiratory tract gets split into…

A

upper and lower airways

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13
Q

What consists of the upper airways?

A
  • structures from nose to vocal chords

- includes sinuses and larynx

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14
Q

What consists of the lower airways?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • subdivisions of bronchioles and alveoli
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15
Q

What is at the terminal region of the lower airways?

A

respiration zone

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16
Q

Lungs are divided into…

A

lobes

  • right has 3 lobes
  • left has 2 lobes
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17
Q

Airway enters the lungs at the level of the…

A

secondary bronchi

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18
Q

Main function of upper airways:

A

condition air: warm, filter, hydrate

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19
Q

Function of nose:

A

filter, trap, and clear air-born particles

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20
Q

The nose is lined with…

A

ciliated mucus secreting respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

The nose has a high…

A

resistance to air flow

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22
Q

What is the percentage of total resistance during quiet breathing?

A

50%

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23
Q

What happens when nasal resistances are too high?

A

mouth breathing gets initiated

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24
Q

Larynx consists of…

A
  • epiglottis
  • arytenoids
  • vocal chords
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25
Larynx inhibits...
aspiration into lower respiratory tract
26
Where is the conducting zone?
trachea and 16 sequential branching airway generations in the lower airways
27
Functions of conducting zone:
- warms - humidifiers - distribution - defense system
28
What makes up the inner layer of the conducting zone?
- only epithelium - begins as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - ends in a simple squamous epithelium at alveoli
29
Function of the upper regions of the inner layer of the conducting zone:
- filter | - produce mucus via goblet cells
30
What makes up the outer layer of the conducting zone?
- cartilage - smooth muscle - fibroelastic CT
31
Function of the outer layer of of lower airways:
- C-shaped cartilage rings decrease as you go down tract (replaced by smooth muscle) - smooth muscle regulates diameter of airways
32
Function of the lower regions of the inner layer of the conducting zone:
least barrier for gas exchange
33
Order of parts in the lower airways from top to bottom:
- trachea - primary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
34
The trachea bifurcates into...
2 main primary bronchi that enter the lungs
35
Primary bronchi gets divided into...
secondary lobar bronchi then segmental bronchi
36
Bronchioles lack...
cartilage and goblet cell mucus production
37
Bronchioles are suspended in...
elastic CT (parenchyma) of lungs
38
The diameter of bronchioles changes with...
changes in lung volume
39
Epithelium in the bronchioles get reduced to...
cuboidal shape with few to no cilia
40
Bronchioles have asymmetric branching until...
they form terminal bronchioles
41
Terminal bronchioles are the...
smallest airway without alveoli
42
Where is the anatomical dead space located?
lower airway from trachea to terminal bronchioles that don't participate in gas exchange
43
Approximately what percent of the normal breath goes to the anatomical dead space?
30%
44
Anatomical dead space can take up what volume?
150 mL
45
What is a tidal volume?
Amount of air total (mL) from one breath
46
What is the physiological dead space?
space in respiratory zone and anatomic dead space
47
Respiratory zone is the site of...
gas exchange
48
What makes up the respiratory zone?
acini: which consists of the below - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts and alveoli
49
What happens to the number and size of alveoli when you age and grow?
increases proportionally
50
What do a smoker's alveoli look like?
bigger so it decreases in gas exchange
51
What makes up the respiratory unit in the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveoli - surrounding pulmonary capillaries
52
The respiratory membrane is also known as the...
blood-gas interface | - made of alveolar-capillary
53
Is the respiratory membrane thick or thin and why?
thin because it promotes rapid gas exchange by simple diffusion
54
Where does O2 and CO2 go in the respiratory membrane?
- O2 enters alveoli to capillary | - CO2 leaves capillary to alveoli
55
What makes up the respiratory membrane?
- alveolar epithelium - capillary endothelium - fused basement layers (two layer of cells w/ type 1 alveoli on top and endothelium capillary on bottom)
56
What do type 1 alveoli look like?
- simple squamous epithelium | - flat, thin cytoplasm
57
Type 1 alveoli are the prime site for...
site exchange | - 96-98% of SA
58
What do type 2 alveoli look like?
- small, cuboidal - aka Clara cells - 2% of SA
59
Function of type 2 alveoli:
form surfactant: liquid based detergent | - decreases surface tension
60
Advantage of surfactant:
- reduces work of breathing | - prevents collapse and sticking of alveoli during expiration
61
Interstitial space between alveoli contains...
- CT (elastic fibers) - smooth muscle - lymphatics - capillaries - resident defense cells (macrophages)
62
Lungs are located in the...
thoracic cavity and is separated from the abdominal cavity by diaphragm
63
What protects the lungs?
thoracic cage, which is formed by: - ribs - thoracic vertebrae - sternum - internal and external intercostals muscles
64
Lungs are surrounded by...
pleura
65
Types of pleura:
- visceral: epithelium that secretes fluid and surrounds lung parenchyma - parietal: lines thoracic cavity - pleural cavity: space between visceral and parietal pleura
66
The pleural cavity is filled with...
small amounts of pleural fluid
67
Pleural cavity allows for...
- lungs and chest wall to move as a unit | - smooth gliding of lung as it expands with air
68
Changes in pleural pressure allow changes in...
lung volume
69
T/F: lungs have a low compliance
F, they have a high compliance so they can hold a large volume without large changes in pressure
70
Types of blood circulations to the lungs:
- bronchial | - pulmonary
71
Bronchial circulation branches from the...
aorta
72
Bronchial circulation provides nourishment to...
lung parenchyma
73
Pulmonary circulation arises from what and brings what to the lungs?
pulmonary arteries and brings deoxygenated blood from R ventricle
74
Pulmonary circulation can accommodate...
large volumes of blood at low pressure
75
Pulmonary circulation has what capillary bed and why is it important?
pulmonary capillary bed, which is the largest vascular bed in the body - covers 70-80% of alveolar surface
76
Function of lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system:
fluid filtration and host defense
77
T/F: lung lymphatic flow is fairly active
F, it's very active
78
How does lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system get innervated?
- somatic motor neurons | - ANS (via PNS and SNS)
79
Somatic motor neurons in the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system innervate...
skeletal muscles of respiration (cholinergic)
80
What classifies as somatic motor neurons in the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?
- phrenic nerves: innervate diaphragm | - intercostal nerves: supply intercostal muscles and rectus abdominis
81
Phrenic nerves originate from...
C3-C5
82
ANS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system supply...
smooth muscles of airway, glands, and blood vessels
83
PNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system specifically innervate...
airway
84
What happens during PNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?
- bronchoconstriction | - increases glandular secretions and viscosity of mucous
85
PNS innervation utilizes what pathway?
Ach-M3 -> PLS -> IP3 and DAG -> PKC
86
SNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system innervate...
mucous glands and blood vessels | - more general
87
What happens during SNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?
- bronchodilation - constricts peripheral blood vessels - decreases glandular secretions by increasing water secretion (decreases viscosity)
88
SNS innervation utilizes what pathway?
norepi -> beta 2 receptors -> cAMP PKA mechanism
89
What muscle makes up the muscles for respiration?
skeletal - diaphragm - external and internal intercostals - rectus abdominus
90
Which muscle is the major muscle of respiration?
diaphragm
91
Diaphragm divides which two cavities?
thoracic and abdominal
92
What happens when there is a force of contraction on the diaphragm?
lung volume increases - proportionate effect - length-tension effect
93
Contraction of the diaphragm leads to...
abdominal contents being forced downwards - increases vertical dimension of chest - pressure difference between thorax and abdomen created
94
External intercostals attach to...
ribs (12) and rotate the ribs upward
95
T/F: paralysis has an effect on the external intercostals
F, no significant effect on normal breathing
96
Internal intercostals become active during...
exercise and hyperventilation | - increases exhalation
97
Rectus abdominus is also known as...
abdominal wall muscles | - important in forced exhalation
98
What happens to the diaphragm at rest?
it's relaxed
99
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
- thoracic volume increases | - diaphragm contracts and flattens
100
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
- diaphragm relaxes | - thoracic volume decreases

Physiology (33 decks)

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