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Physiology > Structure of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Structure of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respiratory system:

A
  • respiration
  • host defense
  • metabolism
  • speech
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2
Q

Def of ventilation:

A

physical movement of gas between atmosphere and lungs

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3
Q

Anatomy of ventilation:

A

conducting airways

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4
Q

Physiology of ventilation:

A

respiratory muscles

- mechanics of breathing

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5
Q

Respiration is the…

A

exchange of gases

  • NOT physical movement of gases
  • different than ventilation
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6
Q

External respiration is the exchange of gases between…

A

air and blood

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7
Q

Anatomy of external respiration:

A

gas exchanging unit (alveolar-capillary)

- pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

Physiology of external respiration:

A

factors that affect movement of gases being exchanged

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9
Q

Internal respiration is the exchange of gas exchange at…

A

systemic capillary beds

- between blood and tissues

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10
Q

Cellular respiration is the use of…

A

O2 in the production of ATP and generation of CO2 as a waste product

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11
Q

Respiratory tract begins at the…

A

nose and ends at the alveolus

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12
Q

Respiratory tract gets split into…

A

upper and lower airways

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13
Q

What consists of the upper airways?

A
  • structures from nose to vocal chords

- includes sinuses and larynx

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14
Q

What consists of the lower airways?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • subdivisions of bronchioles and alveoli
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15
Q

What is at the terminal region of the lower airways?

A

respiration zone

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16
Q

Lungs are divided into…

A

lobes

  • right has 3 lobes
  • left has 2 lobes
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17
Q

Airway enters the lungs at the level of the…

A

secondary bronchi

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18
Q

Main function of upper airways:

A

condition air: warm, filter, hydrate

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19
Q

Function of nose:

A

filter, trap, and clear air-born particles

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20
Q

The nose is lined with…

A

ciliated mucus secreting respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

The nose has a high…

A

resistance to air flow

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22
Q

What is the percentage of total resistance during quiet breathing?

A

50%

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23
Q

What happens when nasal resistances are too high?

A

mouth breathing gets initiated

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24
Q

Larynx consists of…

A
  • epiglottis
  • arytenoids
  • vocal chords
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25
Q

Larynx inhibits…

A

aspiration into lower respiratory tract

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26
Q

Where is the conducting zone?

A

trachea and 16 sequential branching airway generations in the lower airways

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27
Q

Functions of conducting zone:

A
  • warms
  • humidifiers
  • distribution
  • defense system
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28
Q

What makes up the inner layer of the conducting zone?

A
  • only epithelium
  • begins as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • ends in a simple squamous epithelium at alveoli
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29
Q

Function of the upper regions of the inner layer of the conducting zone:

A
  • filter

- produce mucus via goblet cells

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30
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the conducting zone?

A
  • cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • fibroelastic CT
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31
Q

Function of the outer layer of of lower airways:

A
  • C-shaped cartilage rings decrease as you go down tract (replaced by smooth muscle)
  • smooth muscle regulates diameter of airways
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32
Q

Function of the lower regions of the inner layer of the conducting zone:

A

least barrier for gas exchange

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33
Q

Order of parts in the lower airways from top to bottom:

A
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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34
Q

The trachea bifurcates into…

A

2 main primary bronchi that enter the lungs

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35
Q

Primary bronchi gets divided into…

A

secondary lobar bronchi then segmental bronchi

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36
Q

Bronchioles lack…

A

cartilage and goblet cell mucus production

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37
Q

Bronchioles are suspended in…

A

elastic CT (parenchyma) of lungs

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38
Q

The diameter of bronchioles changes with…

A

changes in lung volume

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39
Q

Epithelium in the bronchioles get reduced to…

A

cuboidal shape with few to no cilia

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40
Q

Bronchioles have asymmetric branching until…

A

they form terminal bronchioles

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41
Q

Terminal bronchioles are the…

A

smallest airway without alveoli

42
Q

Where is the anatomical dead space located?

A

lower airway from trachea to terminal bronchioles that don’t participate in gas exchange

43
Q

Approximately what percent of the normal breath goes to the anatomical dead space?

A

30%

44
Q

Anatomical dead space can take up what volume?

A

150 mL

45
Q

What is a tidal volume?

A

Amount of air total (mL) from one breath

46
Q

What is the physiological dead space?

A

space in respiratory zone and anatomic dead space

47
Q

Respiratory zone is the site of…

A

gas exchange

48
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone?

A

acini: which consists of the below
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts and alveoli

49
Q

What happens to the number and size of alveoli when you age and grow?

A

increases proportionally

50
Q

What do a smoker’s alveoli look like?

A

bigger so it decreases in gas exchange

51
Q

What makes up the respiratory unit in the respiratory zone?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
  • surrounding pulmonary capillaries
52
Q

The respiratory membrane is also known as the…

A

blood-gas interface

- made of alveolar-capillary

53
Q

Is the respiratory membrane thick or thin and why?

A

thin because it promotes rapid gas exchange by simple diffusion

54
Q

Where does O2 and CO2 go in the respiratory membrane?

A
  • O2 enters alveoli to capillary

- CO2 leaves capillary to alveoli

55
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane?

A
  • alveolar epithelium
  • capillary endothelium
  • fused basement layers
    (two layer of cells w/ type 1 alveoli on top and endothelium capillary on bottom)
56
Q

What do type 1 alveoli look like?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium

- flat, thin cytoplasm

57
Q

Type 1 alveoli are the prime site for…

A

site exchange

- 96-98% of SA

58
Q

What do type 2 alveoli look like?

A
  • small, cuboidal
  • aka Clara cells
  • 2% of SA
59
Q

Function of type 2 alveoli:

A

form surfactant: liquid based detergent

- decreases surface tension

60
Q

Advantage of surfactant:

A
  • reduces work of breathing

- prevents collapse and sticking of alveoli during expiration

61
Q

Interstitial space between alveoli contains…

A
  • CT (elastic fibers)
  • smooth muscle
  • lymphatics
  • capillaries
  • resident defense cells (macrophages)
62
Q

Lungs are located in the…

A

thoracic cavity and is separated from the abdominal cavity by diaphragm

63
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

thoracic cage, which is formed by:

  • ribs
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • sternum
  • internal and external intercostals muscles
64
Q

Lungs are surrounded by…

A

pleura

65
Q

Types of pleura:

A
  • visceral: epithelium that secretes fluid and surrounds lung parenchyma
  • parietal: lines thoracic cavity
  • pleural cavity: space between visceral and parietal pleura
66
Q

The pleural cavity is filled with…

A

small amounts of pleural fluid

67
Q

Pleural cavity allows for…

A
  • lungs and chest wall to move as a unit

- smooth gliding of lung as it expands with air

68
Q

Changes in pleural pressure allow changes in…

A

lung volume

69
Q

T/F: lungs have a low compliance

A

F, they have a high compliance so they can hold a large volume without large changes in pressure

70
Q

Types of blood circulations to the lungs:

A
  • bronchial

- pulmonary

71
Q

Bronchial circulation branches from the…

A

aorta

72
Q

Bronchial circulation provides nourishment to…

A

lung parenchyma

73
Q

Pulmonary circulation arises from what and brings what to the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries and brings deoxygenated blood from R ventricle

74
Q

Pulmonary circulation can accommodate…

A

large volumes of blood at low pressure

75
Q

Pulmonary circulation has what capillary bed and why is it important?

A

pulmonary capillary bed, which is the largest vascular bed in the body
- covers 70-80% of alveolar surface

76
Q

Function of lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system:

A

fluid filtration and host defense

77
Q

T/F: lung lymphatic flow is fairly active

A

F, it’s very active

78
Q

How does lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system get innervated?

A
  • somatic motor neurons

- ANS (via PNS and SNS)

79
Q

Somatic motor neurons in the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system innervate…

A

skeletal muscles of respiration (cholinergic)

80
Q

What classifies as somatic motor neurons in the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?

A
  • phrenic nerves: innervate diaphragm

- intercostal nerves: supply intercostal muscles and rectus abdominis

81
Q

Phrenic nerves originate from…

A

C3-C5

82
Q

ANS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system supply…

A

smooth muscles of airway, glands, and blood vessels

83
Q

PNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system specifically innervate…

A

airway

84
Q

What happens during PNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?

A
  • bronchoconstriction

- increases glandular secretions and viscosity of mucous

85
Q

PNS innervation utilizes what pathway?

A

Ach-M3 -> PLS -> IP3 and DAG -> PKC

86
Q

SNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system innervate…

A

mucous glands and blood vessels

- more general

87
Q

What happens during SNS innervation of the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic system?

A
  • bronchodilation
  • constricts peripheral blood vessels
  • decreases glandular secretions by increasing water secretion (decreases viscosity)
88
Q

SNS innervation utilizes what pathway?

A

norepi -> beta 2 receptors -> cAMP PKA mechanism

89
Q

What muscle makes up the muscles for respiration?

A

skeletal

  • diaphragm
  • external and internal intercostals
  • rectus abdominus
90
Q

Which muscle is the major muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

91
Q

Diaphragm divides which two cavities?

A

thoracic and abdominal

92
Q

What happens when there is a force of contraction on the diaphragm?

A

lung volume increases

  • proportionate effect
  • length-tension effect
93
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm leads to…

A

abdominal contents being forced downwards

  • increases vertical dimension of chest
  • pressure difference between thorax and abdomen created
94
Q

External intercostals attach to…

A

ribs (12) and rotate the ribs upward

95
Q

T/F: paralysis has an effect on the external intercostals

A

F, no significant effect on normal breathing

96
Q

Internal intercostals become active during…

A

exercise and hyperventilation

- increases exhalation

97
Q

Rectus abdominus is also known as…

A

abdominal wall muscles

- important in forced exhalation

98
Q

What happens to the diaphragm at rest?

A

it’s relaxed

99
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A
  • thoracic volume increases

- diaphragm contracts and flattens

100
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes

- thoracic volume decreases

Physiology (33 decks)

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