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Physiology > Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Sensory Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Def of stimulus:

A

environment event that excites sensory receptors

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2
Q

Def of sensation:

A

what is perceived in the brain when sensory receptors are stimulated

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3
Q

Sensation can be…

A

conscious or unconscious

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4
Q

Sensation differs in 3 things:

A
  • modality: E form associated w/ stimulus
  • quality
  • quantity
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5
Q

Sensory receptors are…

A

specialized to respond to specific stimulus

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6
Q

Responses of activated sensory receptors are…

A
  • depolarization at receptive end

- possible release of neurotransmitters at axonal end

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7
Q

Primary sensory neurons:

A
  • have receptors at dendritic ends
  • simple unmodified dendritic ends (naked nerve endings)
  • modified endings: enlarged/wrapped in CT
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8
Q

What do sensory receptors monitor?

A

both internal and external conditions

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9
Q

What falls under internal conditions?

A
  • proprioceptors

- visceral

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10
Q

What falls under external conditions?

A
  • special sensory

- cutaneous

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11
Q

Sensory receptors are classified as…

A
  • somatic (skeletal muscle and skin)
  • visceral (organs)
  • special senses
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12
Q

Examples of somatic receptors:

A
  • proprioceptors

- cutaneous receptors

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13
Q

Proprioceptors:

A
  • type of somatic receptor
  • sense info about body’s position in space and weight difference
  • muscle spindle
  • golgi tendon organ
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14
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

muscle length

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15
Q

What do golgi tendon organ detect?

A

changes in muscle tension

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16
Q

Cutanoues receptors:

A
  • type of somatic receptor
  • naked nerve endings
  • Merkel discs
  • Ruffini endings
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
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17
Q

Naked nerve endings detect…

A

pain b/c it is a nociceptor

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18
Q

Merkel discs detect…

A

sustained pressure

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19
Q

Ruffini endings detect…

A

deep pressure

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20
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles detect…

A

light touch

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21
Q

Pacinian corpuscles detect…

A

vibration

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22
Q

Visceral receptors respond to…

A
  • organ sensations
  • pain
  • stretch
  • chemoreceptor
  • baroreceptor
  • osmoreceptor
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23
Q

Special senses are…

A

modified neurons localized in specialized sensory organs in head
- passes info alond to afferent neurons

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24
Q

What do special senses detect?

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • taste
  • smell
  • rotational/linear acceleration of head
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25
Q

Sensory receptors have a ______ field

A

receptive

- can be determined by two point discrimination test

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26
Q

Two point discrimination test looks at…

A
  • sensitive area: has smaller receptive fields (fingertips)

- less sensitive areas: convergence of many primary neurons to one secondary neuron

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27
Q

Sensitive areas have a 1:1 relationship between…

A

primary and secondary neurons

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28
Q

Sensory transduction converts E of signal modality to…

A

graded potentials (GP)

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29
Q

T/F: types of stimuli transduced depends on receptor type

A

T

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30
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to…

A
  • mechanical deformation of receptor
  • pressure
  • cell stretch
  • vibration
  • acceleration
  • sound
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31
Q

Baroreceptors monitors…

A

stretch of hollow structures

32
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to…

A
  • chemicals
  • oxygen
  • pH
  • organic molecules
33
Q

Nociceptors respond to…

A

physical and chemical damage of tissues

34
Q

Thermoreceptors detect…

A

changes in temperature

35
Q

Photoreceptors detect…

A

light

36
Q

What happens to membrane when a stimulus is applied?

A

depolarization will alter membrane potential

37
Q

Generator potential (GP):

A
  • produced by stimulus acting on receptors on afferent neurons
  • is the small temporary change in membrane potential
38
Q

GP will create ______

A

local current: flow of ions

- flows away from stimulated area to area w/ higher # of VG Na+ channels

39
Q

What happens if GP has enough amplitude?

A

threshold will be reached and AP generated

40
Q

Receptor potential (RP):

A
  • produced in specialized receptor cell, which in turn stimulates afferent neurons
  • can be depolarized or hyperpolarized
41
Q

Amplitude and duration of RP regulates…

A

amount of neurotransmitters released

- enough neurotransmitters released = AP generated

42
Q

Difference between GP and RP?

A
  • GP: produced by stimulus acting on afferent neurons (enough amplitude = AP)
  • RP: produced in specialized receptors (enough neurotransmitters = AP)
43
Q

T/F: receptors don’t have adaptive abilities

A

F, they do because it lets body know if it needs to monitor the stimulus or be constantly aware of stimulus

44
Q

Adaptations of receptors leads to…

A

decrease of GP/RP to constant intensity stimulus

45
Q

Adaptations of receptors will produce…

A

a decrease of frequency of AP over time in response to constant intensity of stimulus

46
Q

Total adaptation of receptor leads to…

A

loss of perception of stimulus

47
Q

Phasic receptors:

A
  • respond to changes in stimuli
  • fast adaptation: stops responding immediately when stimulus stops changing
  • sends signal only when there is a change in stimulus
48
Q

Phasic receptors have a predictive function, which provides…

A
  • good assessment of rate of change
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • hair receptors
  • olfactory receptors
49
Q

Tonic receptors:

A
  • intensity receptors
  • continue to send signal as long as the stimulus persists
  • very slow/no adaptation
  • keeps consistent firing rate when stimulus is applied
50
Q

Tonic receptors are important for…

A
  • homeostasis

- limiting potential for injuries

51
Q

Exampes of tonic receptors:

A
  • nociceptors
  • proprioceptors
  • baroreceptors
52
Q

Magnitude of GP/RP is directly proportionate to…

A

stimulus intensity (log)

53
Q

Magnitude of GP is directly proportionate to…

A

rate of AP of afferent fibers (linear)

54
Q

Information coding:

A

how info about a stimulus is carried in CNS

55
Q

Sensory coding involves:

A
  • which sensory receptors are activated
  • response of sensory receptor to stimulus
  • intensity and duration of stimulus
  • info processing in sensory pathway
56
Q

Aspects that can be coded:

A
  • sensory modality: coded by pathway

- intensity of stimulus: coded by rate of APs

57
Q

Types of sensory modalities:

A
  • cutaneous stimuli

- noncutaneous stimuli

58
Q

Cutaneous stimuli are interpreted as:

A
  • touch
  • pressure
  • cold
  • warmth
  • pain
59
Q

Noncutaneous stimuli are interpreted as:

A
  • vision
  • auditory
  • position
  • taste
  • smell
60
Q

Threshold stimulus:

A
  • weakest stimulus that produces AP
  • below this = no AP generated
  • can add subthreshold stimulus to get AP (spatial and temporal summation)
61
Q

Spatial summation:

A
  • progessively larger # of primary afferent neurons activated simultaneously
62
Q

Temporal summation:

A
  • single primary afferent neuron fires multiple times in a row
63
Q

T/F: greater stimulus usually affects a smaller area of CNS

A

F, should affect greater area b/c can affect more sensory receptors

64
Q

Sensory unit:

A

a sensory neuron and all its receptive ends

- activate more receptors in one sensory unit leads to more APs/sec produced

65
Q

receptive field:

A
  • area whose stimulation affects neuron AP

- can overlap with multiple sensory units

66
Q

Continuous info is provided by…

A

tonic receptors

67
Q

Beginning/ending signal are provided by…

A

phasic receptors

68
Q

Spatial location of stimulus:

A

activation of specific population of sensory neurons w/ endpoint of pathway onto cortex
- ex: lateral inhibition and somatotopic map

69
Q

Lateral inhibition:

A

mechanism where transmission of signal can be inhibited laterally, which limits widespread of signal
- enhances contrast between sites of strong and weak stimulus

70
Q

Somatotopic map:

A

plan of body regions in sensory cortex

71
Q

Movement of info:

A

primary sensory afferent neurons in PNS to interneurons in CNS to CNS integrative areas

72
Q

Speed of transmission is affected by:

A
  • diameter and myelination of neurons

- # of synapses that must be crossed (more = slower)

73
Q

of sensory units stimulated leads to…

A

size of receptive field

74
Q

Organization of relaying interneurons allows CNS to _______ info

A
  • filter
  • correlate
  • summate
  • sort
75
Q

Convergence of interneurons:

A 
# of signals entering neuronal pool > # exiting
- allows summation of weak signal and can filter out signal
76
Q

Divergence of interneurons:

A

of signals entering neuronal pool < # exiting

  • amplifies signal within single pathway
  • can maintain signal strength and send to multiple pathways

Physiology (33 decks)

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