Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Def of metabolism:

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolism can be…

A
  • anabolic

- catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism is used to…

A
  • extract energy from nutrients
  • use energy for work
  • store excess energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

lowest rate of reactions needed to keep body going

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you find the total body energy?

A

energy stored + energy intake - energy output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is energy intake?

A

energy in nutrients that we absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is energy output?

A

work + heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Work is used to…

A
  • transport molecules
  • cause movement
  • growth
  • body maintenance
  • store information
  • store energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regulation of energy intake comes from…

A
  • hunger

- satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between hunger and satiety?

A
  • hunger: desire for food in general

- satiety: desire for specific food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is hunger and satiety regulated?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two types of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulates appetite and energy expenditure:

A
  • pro-opiomelanocortin neurons

- orexigenic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons release…

A

alpha-MSH and CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons’ effect on hunger and satiety:

A
  • decrease in food intake

- increase in energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When are pro-opiomelanocortin neurons specifically activated?

A
  • severe infections
  • cancer
  • uremia
  • can also be activated the same way as orexigenic neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Orexigenic neurons release…

A
  • neuropeptide Y (NPY)

- agouti-related protein (AGRP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Orexigenic neurons effect on hunger and satiety:

A
  • increases food intake

- reduces energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What influences the activation of hunger and satiety centers?

A
  • higher brain control
  • endocrine regulation
  • sensory feedback from GI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of sensory feedback from GI that influences activation of hunger and satiety centers:

A
  • stretch receptors for fullness and CCK, which increases with food
  • insulin and PPY from GI and leptin from adipocytes, which decreases feeding when food is present
  • ghrelin from oxyntic cells of empty stomach
  • endocannabinoids made by the NS, which increases feeding behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glucostatic theory of regulation:

A

feeding behavior results from glucose metabolism

- high blood glucose decreases hunger and increases satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The glucostatic theory of regulation is regulated by…

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lipostatic theory of regulation:

A
  • body fat stores will regulate weight

- leptin protein hormone helps regulate (made by adipocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

According to the lipostatic theory of regulation, an increase in fat leads to…

A

increase in leptin -> signal to hypothalamic centers

  • can lead to decrease in NPY -> decrease in hunger
  • or increase in alpha-MSH -> increase in CRH
  • increase in SNS
  • decrease in insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thermoregulation of food intake:

A
  • cold = increased feeding

- hot = decreased feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T/F: stress can’t affect food intake

A

F, it can and it’s not consistent from person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Both long term and short term mechanisms help to regulate…

A

immediate feeding behavior and long term body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Example of short term mechanism:

A
  • fullness and CCK (increases)

- ghrelin (decreases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Example of long term mechanism:

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • leptin
  • heat
  • cold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Energy content is expressed as…

A

heat units Calorie

- 1 kilocalorie heat to raise 1 L h2o 1 degrees C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you measure how many Calories are in food?

A

burn it in a bomb calorimeter

  • amount of heat released is measured
  • doesn’t take into account food ingested but not absorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How much of each macronutrient is recommended?

A
  • 30% fat
  • 10-15% protein
  • 55-60% carbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

You can measure energy produced from food by measuring…

A
  • oxygen used to metabolize it

- CO2 produced when it’s metabolized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is respiratory quotient (RQ)/respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?

A

rate of CO2 produced to O2 consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the RQ for each macronutrient?

A
  • pure carbs: 1
  • pure protein: 0.8
  • pure fat: 0.7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the average dietary RQ?

A

0.82

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When do you measure resting metabolic rate?

A

after 12 hour fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Skeletal muscle accounts for how much of BMR?

A

20-30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What factors affect metabolic rate?

A
  • genetics
  • hormones (+)
  • diet (+)
  • SNS activity (+)
  • activity level (+)
  • lean muscle mass (+)
  • age (-)
  • females have less lean muscle than men
  • fever (+)
  • climate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Examples of hormones that increase metabolic rate?

A
  • TH
  • epi/norepi
  • testosterone/GH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Nutrient pools of building blocks are used in what three ways?

A
  • metabolized to make ATP
  • used as building blocks to make things for growth and maintenance
  • stored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Most tissues use ____ as energy source

A

glucose

42
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

breakdown of glucose for energy

43
Q

Def of essential nutrients:

A

nutrients that can’t be made and have to be consumed

44
Q

Energy can be stored as…

A
  • fat in adipose

- glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

45
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

storage of glucose as fats

- FA + glycerol -> triglyceride

46
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

breakdown of fats to use for energy

- triglyceride -> FA and glycerol

47
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

storage of glucose as glycogen

- glucose -> glycogen

48
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose for use

49
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

AA -> glucose and FA

50
Q

What is the fed state?

A
  • absorptive state

- follows ingestion of nutrients

51
Q

T/F: fed state is catabolic

A

F, is anabolic

- nutrients used for energy, synthesis, and storage

52
Q

What is proteogenesis?

A

AA -> proteins

- in muscle

53
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

proteins -> AA

- in muscle

54
Q

What is the fasted state?

A
  • postabsorptive state

- between meals

55
Q

T/F: fasted state is catabolic

A

T b/c body taps into stored reserves

56
Q

Fate of carbs in the fed state metabolism:

A
  • glucose is main source of energy and used to make ATP
  • some used by liver for lipoprotein
  • some stored as glycogen or fat
57
Q

Glucose enters the cell via what transporter?

A

GLUT

58
Q

Fate of amino acids in the fed state metabolism:

A
  • used for protein synthesis
  • liver goes first
  • cells uptake amino acids
  • in muscle: some get stored as phosphocreatine for energy
59
Q

What does the liver make with amino acids during the fed state metabolism?

A
  • lipoproteins

- plasma proteins (albumins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen

60
Q

What do cells make with amino acids during the fed state metabolism?

A
  • structural proteins
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters
61
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the fed state?

A
  • broken down to make ATP

- stored as fat

62
Q

Fate of fats in fed state metabolism:

A
  • travels as chylomicrons
  • gets converted to free FA and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase
  • usually used to make ATP by most cells
  • metabolized by liver
63
Q

Examples of chylomicrons:

A
  • cholesterol
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • apolipoproteins
64
Q

Where do fats get converted to free FA and glycerol during the fed state metabolism?

A

capillary endothelium of muscles and adipose

65
Q

What happens to fats when they are metabolized by the liver during the fed state metabolism?

A
  • cholesterol -> steroids
  • some excess cholesterol -> bile salts
  • other excess cholesterol -> lipoprotein complexes
66
Q

Examples of lipoprotein complexes made from fats in the liver:

A
  • VLDL: mostly triglycerides
  • LDL: large amounts of cholesterol
  • HDL: less fat and more protein
67
Q

VLDL is used for…

A

lipoprotein and eicosanoid synthesis

68
Q

LDL info:

A
  • bad cholesterol
  • apoprotein B promotes its absorption into blood vessels
  • causes atherosclerosis
69
Q

HDL info:

A
  • good cholesterol
  • apoprotein A promotes uptake into cells
  • promotes cellular use in steroids and cell membranes
70
Q

Function of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue in the fasted state metabolism:

A
  • liver: releases glucose for brain
  • muscles: burn stored energy
  • adipose: releases FA for use by muscle
71
Q

Fate of carbs in the fasted state:

A
  • glycogenolysis of glycogen to glucose 6 PO4
  • used for energy in liver and muscle
  • converted to glucose by liver and released for energy for CNS
72
Q

Fate of proteins in the fasted state:

A
  • broken down into AA
  • AA used to make glucose in liver via gluconeogenesis
  • gets deaminated: loss of amino group
73
Q

How does deamination of proteins in the fasted state occur?

A

NH3 converted to NH4

  • both are converted to urea by liver
  • urea gets excreted by kidney
74
Q

Fate of lipids in the fasted state:

A
  • converted to FA and glycerol by lipases via lipolysis

- glycerol used for glycolysis

75
Q

In order for FA to be used for energy, it needs to undergo…

A

beta-oxidation in liver

76
Q

What happens during beta-oxidation of FA?

A
  1. FA -> 2 carbon acyl units
  2. acyl units -> acetylCoA
  3. acetylCoA used to make cholesterol and in glycolysis
  4. excess acyl units (ketone bodies)
77
Q

What happens to the excess acyl units during beta-oxidation of FA?

A
  • used for E by brain

- too many ketone bodies = ketosis, which lowers body pH

78
Q

What is the main concern when it comes to the availability of glucose?

A

making sure there is enough for CNS metabolism

79
Q

What is the normal resting blood glucose?

A

90mg/dL

80
Q

Glucose is regulated by…

A

pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon

81
Q

What kind of cells make insulin?

A

pancreatic beta islet cells

- due to high blood glucose

82
Q

Insulin dominates in the ____ state and causes an increase in…

A

fed state and causes an increase in:

  • glucose oxidation
  • glycogen synthesis
  • fat synthesis
  • protein synthesis
83
Q

What kind of cells make glucagon?

A

pancreatic alpha islet cells

- due to low glucose levels

84
Q

Glucagon dominates in the _____ state and causes an increase in…

A

starved state and causes an increase in:

  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • ketogenesis
85
Q

Regulation of glucose is a function of…

A

insulin to glucagon ratio

86
Q

Both insulin and glucagon have ____ half lives

A

short, and are secreted constantly

87
Q

Insulin is a _____ hormone

A

anabolic

88
Q

Insulin is turned on by…

A
  • increase in blood glucose and plasma AA
  • feedforward GI hormones like GLP-1 and GIP
  • CCK and gastrin
  • PNS stimulation to beta cells
89
Q

Insulin acts on what receptor?

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

90
Q

Effects of insulin on the body?

A
  • increases glucose uptake into cell via GLUT-4 transporters in membrane
  • promotes phosphorylation of glu to glu-6-PO4 and fat synthesis
  • activates enzymes of glycolysis, proteogenesis, and lipogenesis
  • inhibits effects of glucagon
  • enhances use of AA
91
Q

Glucagon is turned on by…

A
  • low glucose
  • acts on liver to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • high AA from eating protein without carbs (stimulates formation of ketone bodies)
92
Q

What other hormones affect metabolism?

A
  • stress reactions

- thyroid hormone

93
Q

What are the effects of stress reactions on metabolism?

A
  • increase in cortisol and circulating norepi

- synergistic (opposing) w/ insulin effects

94
Q

What are the effects of the thyroid hormone on metabolism?

A

associated with cold stress so should increase metabolism

95
Q

What is metabolic disorder?

A

combination of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure

96
Q

In order to have a metabolic disorder, you must have at least 3 of the 5 criterias:

A
  • central obesity (waist > 40” women, 35” men)
  • BP > 130/85
  • elevated fasting triglycerides
  • low plasma HDL
  • fasting glucose > 110 mg/dL
97
Q

Metabolic disorder is associated with…

A

PPARs (proliferator-activated receptors) for lipid and carb metabolism

98
Q

T/F: body temp rises with decreased metabolism

A

F, increased metabolism such as during exercise or after meals

99
Q

Thermoregulation is controlled by…

A

thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus

- signals come from thermoreceptors in the skin

100
Q

How does heat get lost?

A
  • vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin under sympathetic control
  • sweating
101
Q

How does the body thermostat get reset?

A
  • hot flashes: due to low estrogen
  • fever: due to pyrogens, fever producing cytokines
  • inflammatory: due to interleukins
  • genetics: malignant hyperthermia due to defective Ca2+ channels in skeletal muscle -> overcontraction

Physiology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions