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Physiology > Acid Base Regulation > Flashcards

Acid Base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

pH is a measure of ____ and is a function of ____

A
  • acidity

- [H+]

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2
Q

pH range of ECF in body is…

A

6.8 - 7.8

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3
Q

Plasma pH is usually around…

A

7.35 - 7.45

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4
Q

Definition of acid:

A

substance that donates H+

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5
Q

Acidosis occurs when blood pH is…

A

< 7.35

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6
Q

Definition of base:

A

substance that removes H+ from body fluids

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7
Q

Alkalosis occurs when blood pH is…

A

> 7.45

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8
Q

Which factors produce changes in ECF pH?

A
  • metabolic factors
  • respiratory factors (CO2)
  • changes in kidney excretion of bicarb and H+
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9
Q

How does metabolism of fats and carbs affect pH?

A
  • large amount of CO2 is created
  • volatile acid creates H+
  • eliminated by lungs
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10
Q

How does metabolism of amino acids affect pH?

A
  • creates sulfuric acid and HCl

- has nonvolatile acid (offset by production of HCO3-)

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11
Q

A meat containing diet will have a net acid production that is greater/less than HCO3-

A

greater than

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12
Q

Abnormal insulin levels leads to the production of…

A

ketoacids

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13
Q

How does CO2 have an effect on pH?

A
  • inversely related to pH

- hypoxia -> increased acids

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14
Q

How does changes in kidney excretion affect pH?

A
  • acid addition > excretion = acidosis

- acid removal > excretion = alkalosis

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15
Q

pH is regulated by…

A
  • buffers
  • respiratory rate and depth
  • kidney excretion of H+ and bicarb ions
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16
Q

What is the first line of defense for changes in pH?

A

buffers: minimize change in pH when acids are added

- neutralizes acid or base but doesn’t eliminate it from body

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17
Q

T/F: ECF buffering occurs slowly

A

F, it’s instantaneous

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18
Q

Steps of bicarb buffering system:

A
  1. CO2 produced and reacts with ECF water to make carbonic acid
  2. carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and bicarb
  3. increasing ECF bicarb pushes reaction to the left to prevent H+ release
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19
Q

What is the rate limiting reaction in the steps of the bicarb buffering system?

A

hydration of CO2

- gets sped up by carbonic anhydrase

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20
Q

What is the principal ECF buffer?

A

bicarb

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21
Q

Normal bicarb concentration range:

A

23-25 mEq/L

22
Q

Bicarb is regulated by both the…

A

lungs and kidneys

23
Q

What does buffering processes create and remove?

A
  • creates Na+ salts

- removes bicarb

24
Q

How do the kidneys help with buffering?

A
  • excretes acid salts

- returns bicarb to blood

25
Q

How does the respiratory system help with buffering?

A

clears CO2 via respiration

- mostly intracellularly

26
Q

Aside from bicarb, what are some other ECF buffers?

A
  • phosphate

- plasma proteins

27
Q

What is the second line of defense against changes in pH?

A

respiratory regulation of pH

- occurs because of changes to pCO2

28
Q

What determines the pCO2 in the body?

A

ventilation rate

- increased = decreased pCO2

29
Q

What are important regulators during respiratory regulation?

A
  • blood pCO2

- pH

30
Q

Blood pCO2 and pH are monitored by…

A
  • central chemoreceptors (medulla for CSF)

- peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic and carotid bodies for plasma)

31
Q

Effect of metabolic acidosis on ventilation rate?

A
  • increased to clear CO2

- occurs after several minutes

32
Q

Effect of metabolic alkalosis on ventilation rate?

A

decreased

33
Q

What is the third line of defense against changes in pH?

A

renal regulation

- takes a few days to return to normal

34
Q

Bicarb is _____ if body is basic, and ______ if body is acidic

A
  • excreted

- reabsorbed

35
Q

What is the primary urinary buffer?

A

phosphate

36
Q

Phosphate is under regulatory control of…

A
  • thyroid calcitonin (TCT)

- parathyroid hormone (PTH)

37
Q

How does bicarb get formed?

A
  1. CO2 diffuses from plasma into PCT

2. carbonic anhydrase creates H+ and bicarb

38
Q

How does glutamine produce new bicarb?

A
  1. systemic acidosis stimulates glutamine metabolism in PCT after bicarb loss
  2. 2 NH4+ created
  3. gets secreted and bicarb gets returned to circulation
39
Q

How many bicarbs are created from metabolism of one glutamine?

A

2

40
Q

Signs of metabolic acidosis:

A
  • decreased [bicarb]
  • decreased blood pH
  • increased [anion]
41
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic acidosis:

A
  • buffers
  • increase respiration rate
  • kidney reabsorbs more bicarb
  • increase urine [NH4+], which makes more bicarb
42
Q

Signs of metabolic alkalosis:

A
  • increased [bicarb]

- increased blood pH

43
Q

How does metabolic alkalosis occur?

A
  • vomiting
  • ingestion of alkali
  • hemorrhage
44
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic alkalosis:

A
  • buffers
  • decrease in respiration
  • increase excretion of bicarb by decreasing reabsorption
45
Q

Signs of respiratory acidosis:

A
  • increased pCO2

- decreased blood pH

46
Q

How does respiratory acidosis occur?

A
  • poor gas exchange across alveoli

- impaired gas diffusion

47
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory acidosis:

A
  • ICF buffering
  • increased bicarb reabsorption
  • increased NH4+ excretion
48
Q

Signs of respiratory alkalosis:

A
  • decreased pCO2

- increased blood pH

49
Q

How does respiratory alkalosis occur?

A

increased gas exchange

50
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory alkalosis:

A
  • ICF buffering
  • decreased excretion of bicarb
  • decreased NH4+ excretion

Physiology (33 decks)

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