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Physiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the immune system:

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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2
Q

Neutrophils are…

A

phagocytes

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3
Q

Eosinophils destroy…

A

parasites

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4
Q

Basophils release…

A
  • histamines
  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
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5
Q

Monocytes are…

A

macrophages/phagocytes

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6
Q

Types of lymphocytes:

A
  • B lymphocyte

- T lymphocyte

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7
Q

Why would there be an abundance of neutrophils?

A

bacterial infection

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8
Q

Why would there be an abundance of lymphocytes?

A

viral infection

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9
Q

Why would there be an abundance of eosinophils?

A

allergic response

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10
Q

Immune system provides…

A

resistance to disease

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11
Q

Immune system is made up of two intrinsic systems. What are they?

A
  • innate (nonspecific)

- adaptive (specific)

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12
Q

Innate system are part of which lines of defense?

A

first and second lines of defense

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13
Q

First line of defense for innate system are…

A

external body membranes (physical barriers)

  • skin
  • mucosae
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14
Q

Second line of defense for innate system are…

A
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • phagocytes
  • inhibit spread of invaders
  • inflammation is most important
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15
Q

Adaptive system:

A

3rd line of defense

- attack specific foreign substances

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16
Q

What are the two categories of lymphoid categories?

A
  • primary: sites where stem cells divide and develop

- secondary: sites where most immune responses occur

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17
Q

What are lymphoid organs?

A

places where immune cells hang out

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18
Q

Examples of primary lymphoid organs:

A
  • bone marrow

- thymus

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19
Q

Function of bone marrow:

A

produces mature B cells and immature T cells

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20
Q

Thymus is a primary lymphoid organ because…

A
  • where T cells mature

- has T cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages

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21
Q

Thymus:

A
  • located above heart

- atrophies after maturity

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22
Q

Examples of secondary lymphoid organs:

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphoid nodules
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23
Q

Function of lymph nodes:

A
  • filter microbes

- macrophages and lymphocytes destroy filtered microbes

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24
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

scattered throughout lymphatic vessels of body

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25
Q

Function of spleen:

A

removes microbes and aged/defective erythrocytes

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26
Q

The spleen is the largest…

A

lymphoid organ

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27
Q

Examples of lymphoid nodules:

A
  • tonsils
  • peyer’s patches
  • appendix
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28
Q

Innate immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against…

A

microbes and other foreign substances without specific recognition of invading pathogens

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29
Q

Innate immunity: function of skin in 1st line defense

A
  • water resistant

- prevents entry of foreign substances

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30
Q

Innate immunity: examples of other physical barriers than skin for 1st line of defense

A
  • mucus
  • hair
  • cilia
  • sebum
  • lysozyme
  • gastric juice
  • vaginal secretions
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31
Q

2nd line of defense for innate immunity comes into play when…

A

first line is not effective

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32
Q

Innate immunity (2nd line): function of antimicrobial substances

A

discourage microbial growth via interferons, complement, iron-binding proteins, or antimicrobial proteins
- attack microorganisms directly or hinder its ability to reproduce

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33
Q

Innate immunity (2nd line): function of natural killer cells

A

release chemicals that lead to death of infected or abnormal body cells

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34
Q

Innate immunity (2nd line): function of phagocytes

A
  • neutrophils and macrophages non-specifically engulf microbial invaders
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35
Q

Innate immunity (2nd line): steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. adherence: recognition and attachment
  2. ingestion
  3. digestion via fusion w/ lysosome
  4. killing and degradation via O2 radicals
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36
Q

Innate immunity (2nd line): inflammatory response

A
  • nonspecific response to tissue damage
  • rids body of organisms that caused tissue damage and damaged tissues
  • promotes wound healing
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37
Q

Causes of inflammation:

A
  • trauma
  • chemical agents
  • thermal extremes
  • pathogenic organisms
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38
Q

What is the most abundant phagocyte?

A

neutrophils

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39
Q

Neutrophils are aided by…

A

opsonization: antibodies/complement proteins as opsonin that coat pathogens and make them easier to phagocytose

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40
Q

Macrophages develop from…

A

monocytes and are the chief phagocytic cells

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41
Q

Free macrophages:

A

wander through tissue spaces

- ex: alveolar macrophages

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42
Q

Fixed macrophages:

A

permanent residents of some organs

- ex: stellate macrophages (liver) or microglia (brain)

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43
Q

Helper T cells trigger macrophage to…

A

produce respiratory burst, which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by releasing free radicals, producing oxidizing chemicals, and increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome

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44
Q

Symptoms and signs of inflammation:

A
  • fever (pyrogenesis)
  • redness (rubor)
  • swelling (turgor)
  • pain (dolor)
  • tissue/organ dysfunction (functio laesa)
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45
Q

Sequence of inflammatory events:

A
  1. trauma or pathogen leads to acute inflammatory response
  2. platelet adhesion and vasoconstriction of efferent vessels
  3. cytokine induced afferent vascular dilation
  4. activation of complement, clotting, fibrinolysis, kinin system, leukocyte adhesion cascade
  5. endothelial gaps
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46
Q

Cytokine induced afferent vascular dilation leads to…

A

increased blood flow to infected/damaged area

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47
Q

Endothelial gaps increase…

A

vascular permeability and allow extravasation of serum proteins and leukocytes

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48
Q

Natural killer cells are…

A
  • nonphagocytic
  • large granular lymphocytes
  • part of 1st line of defense
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49
Q

Function of natural killer cells:

A
  • police blood and lymph
  • kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immunity is activated
  • attack cells that lack “self” receptors
  • secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
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50
Q

Natural killer cells kill by inducing…

A

apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

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51
Q

Benefits of inflammation:

A
  • prevents spread of damaging agents
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • alerts adaptive immunity
  • sets stage for repair
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52
Q

During inflammatory chemical releases, macrophages have…

A

special pattern recognition receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation

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53
Q

Kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), and complement:

A
  • causes vasodilation of local arterioles
  • make capillaries leaky
  • attract leukocytes to area
  • trigger pain receptors
  • prompting release of more inflammatory chemicals
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54
Q

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability leads to…

A
  • hyperemia
  • redness
  • heat
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55
Q

Benefits of edema:

A
  • sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in lymph nodes
  • delivers clotting proteins and complement to area
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56
Q

Basics of acute inflammation:

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. increased flow to damaged area
  3. repair
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57
Q

Acute inflammation: effects of vasodilation

A
  • increased vascular permeability and edema
  • allows more blood flow to site
  • causes loss of plasma proteins
  • permeability changes caused by histamine and kinins
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58
Q

Acute inflammation: increased flow to area increases…

A

emigration: WBC population goes to damaged site to deal with what is causing response

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59
Q

Acute inflammation: increased flow to area occurs via…

A

chemotaxis: chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes

- chemoattractants: chemicals that attract phagocytes

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60
Q

Acute inflammation: phagocytes move across capillary wall via…

A

diapedesis

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61
Q

Acute inflammation: repair occurs once infection has…

A

been contained or cleared

- can leave scar tissue (collagen fibers more densely arranged)

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62
Q

Clinical presentations of infection:

A
  • pus
  • abscess
  • tumorlike growth
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63
Q

Pus looks like…

A

creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells, and living/dead pathogens

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64
Q

Abscess are…

A

collagen fibers that are laid down, which walls off sac of pus
- might need to be surgically drained

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65
Q

Tumorlike growth (granulomas) occurs b/c of…

A

bacteria’s ability to resist to digestion by macrophages and stay alive

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66
Q

Most important antimicrobial proteins are…

A
  • interferons

- complement proteins

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67
Q

Interferons are cells that are…

A

infected with viruses and can secrete IFNs that warn healthy neighboring cells

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68
Q

Chemical cascade includes…

A

eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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69
Q

What is a complement system?

A

group of 20 blood proteins that circulate blood in inactive form

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70
Q

Complements are present in…

A
  • plasma

- on cell surfaces

71
Q

Complements interact w/…

A

each other to produce biologically active inflammatory mediators

72
Q

The complement cascade leads to…

A
  • chemotaxis (C5a)
  • inflammation (C3a)
  • increased capillary permeability (C5a)
  • opsonization (C3b)
  • cytolysis
73
Q

Complement cascade is a series of…

A

enzymatic reactions

74
Q

Opsonization is the…

A

promotion of phagocytosis

75
Q

What are the three pathways to activate phagocytes?

A
  • classical
  • lethal binding
  • alternate
76
Q

Describe the classical pathway of activation for phagocytes:

A

most specific

  • antibody dependent activation
  • binds C1
77
Q

Describe the lethal binding pathway of activation for phagocytes:

A

some specificity

  • mannose binding protein
  • binds C4
78
Q

Describe the alternate pathway of activation for phagocytes:

A

most primitive

  • nonspecific
  • auto-activation of C3
79
Q

T/F: nitric oxide from blood vessels and macrophages don’t contribute to inflammation

A

F, they do contribute

80
Q

When tissue is destroyed or invaded by leukocytes in inflammation for pain, what happens?

A

mediators are delivered by circulation and/or released

81
Q

Examples of proalgesic mediators:

A
  • proinflammatory cytokines
  • chemokines
  • protons
  • nerve growth factor
  • prostaglandins
82
Q

Proalgesic mediators are produced by…

A

invading leukocytes or by resident cells

83
Q

Proalgesic mediators can produce…

A
  • analgesic mediators, which counteract pain
  • anti-inflammatory cytokines
  • opioid peptides
84
Q

Role of NSAIDs and aspirin in inflammation:

A
  • prevent cyclooxygenase from making prostaglandins

- reduce inflammation

85
Q

T/F: cytokines are produced in inflammatory response

A

T, because they promote inflammation

86
Q

Fever is a systemic response to…

A

invading microorganisms

87
Q

What are the benefits for a fever?

A
  • intensifies interferon effect
  • inhibits growth of some microbes
  • speeds up body repair processes
  • liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc, which are needed by microorganisms
88
Q

Which molecules are involved in a fever?

A
  • leukocytes

- macrophages

89
Q

What activates the leukocytes and macrophages during a fever?

A

foreign substances

90
Q

When leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances, they secrete…

A

pyrogens, which reset thermostat in hypothalamus

91
Q

Adaptive immunity develops..

A

after exposure to antigen

- allows macrophages to show lymphocytes what to look for

92
Q

Adaptive immunity is regulated by…

A

release of lymphokines and interleukins

93
Q

Lymphocytes are activated by…

A

acquiring disease or by vaccination

94
Q

Adaptive immunity amplifies _____ and activates _____

A

inflammatory response, complement

95
Q

Disadvantage of adaptive immunity:

A

has to be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance, which takes time

96
Q

T/F: adaptive immunity doesn’t have memory

A

F, it does for previously encountered antigens

97
Q

What are the important components of adaptive immunity?

A
  • B and T cells, which are both lymphocytes
  • antigen presenting cells (APCs), which don’t respond to specific antigens and play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
98
Q

B and T cells both must…

A
  • gain immunocompetence

- develop antigen receptors

99
Q

B cells produce…

A

antibodies

100
Q

Types of T cells:

A
  • cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

- helper T cells (CD4)

101
Q

Humoral immunity is…

A

antibody mediated adaptive immunity

102
Q

What is the immune component in humoral immunity?

A
  • antibodies (gamma globulins) that travel in plasma
103
Q

Antibodies are made by ____ and mature in ____

A

B-lymphocytes, bone marrow

104
Q

What is the activated form of B cells?

A
  • plasma cells

- synthesize and secrete antibodies

105
Q

What is the immune component of cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-lymphocytes

106
Q

T-lymphocytes mature in the…

A

thymus gland

107
Q

Two types of T-lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity:

A
  • T8 lymphocytes (comes from CD8), which attack directly
  • T4 lymphocytes (comes from CD4), which releases lymphokines that attract granulocytes to area and stimulates mitosis of immune cells
108
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

remember specific antigens and quickly generate immune response when exposed to same antigen

109
Q

Cell-mediated immunity gives…

A

long term protection against some viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells

110
Q

Cell-mediated immunity involves the use of…

A

cytotoxic T cells, which attack infected body cells, cancer cells, foreign cells

111
Q

Two important characteristics of antigens:

A
  • reactivity: antibody binds specifically to the antigen that provoked it
  • immunogenicity: ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating production of antibodies
112
Q

Antigen can be…

A
  • whole or part of cell

- non-microbial

113
Q

Example of non-microbial antigens:

A
  • egg whites
  • pollen
  • incompatible blood cells
  • transplanted tissues
114
Q

What is an epitope?

A

small parts of the antigen where antibodies attach and provokes a response

115
Q

Antibodies bind…

A

temporarily to target cell, which inactivates it and marks it for destruction

116
Q

What are self antigens?

A

your own antigens, which allows the body to recognize which cells are yours

117
Q

MHC proteins are important…

A

self-proteins that are a group of glycoproteins

118
Q

MHC proteins are coded by…

A

genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are specific to each individual

119
Q

T/F: identical twins have identical MHC

A

T

120
Q

MHC proteins have a groove that can hold…

A

pieces of self or foreign antigen

121
Q

T-lymphocytes can recognize only…

A

antigens that are presented on MHC proteins

122
Q

What is important in tissue/organ transplant rejection?

A

self-antigens

123
Q

Two types of antigen presentation:

A
  • exogenous

- endogenous

124
Q

Steps of exogenous antigen presentation:

A
  1. ingest antigen
  2. digest antigen into peptide fragments
  3. synthesize MHC-II molecules
  4. package MHC-II molecules
  5. bind peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules
  6. insertion of antigen-MHC-II complexes into plasma membrane
125
Q

Steps of endogenous antigen presentation:

A
  1. digest antigen into peptide fragments
  2. synthesis of MHC-I molecules
  3. binding of peptide fragments to MHC-I molecules
  4. packaging of antigen MHC-I complexes
  5. insertion of antigen MHC-I complexes into plasma membrane
126
Q

T cells are usually…

A

inactive

127
Q

T cells are activated when it…

A

binds to foreign antigen

128
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill target cells?

A

release perforins (makes a hole) and granzymes (enter via hole and destroy cell)

129
Q

Antibody mediated immunity is carried out by…

A

B cells, which get activated in the spleen, lymphoid nodule, or lymph node in the presence of a microbe

130
Q

Structure of antibodies match those of…

A

antigens, just like a lock and key

131
Q

Antibodies are also known as…

A

immunoglobulins

132
Q

Antibodies has 4 polypeptide chains:

A
  • 2 heavy chains
  • 2 light chains
  • hinge region: flexible
  • stem region
  • in H and L region, there are variable and constant regions
133
Q

Variable region in H and L area of antibodies is the…

A

antigen binding site

134
Q

Constant region in H and L area of antibodies is the…

A

same in all antibodies of the same class

135
Q

T cells mature in thymus under…

A

positive and negative selection pressures

136
Q

Positive selection process for maturation of T cells:

A

selects T cells that can recognize self-MHC proteins

- those who can’t be recognizes are destroyed by apoptosis

137
Q

Negative selection process for maturation of T cells:

A

prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind to self antigens displayed by self-MHC
- clonal deletion ensures self-tolerance

138
Q

Antibody functions as…

A
  • neutralizing antigen
  • agglutinating antigen
  • precipitating antigen
  • activating complement
  • opsonization
139
Q

Adaptive immunity can be acquired via…

A
  • active

- passive

140
Q

What happens during active adaptive immunity?

A

person’s own immune system responds to microbe

141
Q

What happens during passive adaptive immunity?

A

person receives antibodies from another person or animal

- only temporary because no memory cells

142
Q

Active and passive adaptive immunity can be either…

A
  • natural

- artificial

143
Q

Natural actively acquired immunity develops when…

A

person is exposed to antigen by chance

- ex: getting the flu

144
Q

Artificial actively acquired immunity develops when…

A

person gets vaccines

145
Q

Natural passively acquired immunity comes from…

A

mother to fetus

  • placenta: IgG
  • breast milk: IgA
146
Q

Artificial passively acquired immunity develops when…

A

one receives serum containing antibodies

- from person or animal that has been vaccinated

147
Q

Process of self recognition:

A
  1. self recognition

2. self tolerance

148
Q

Loss of self tolerance during self recognition leads to…

A

autoimmune disorders

149
Q

Two types of allergic reactions:

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity

- delayed hypersensitivity

150
Q

What are naive immunocompetent B and T cells?

A

cells that are not yet exposed to antigens

- called CD4 or CD8

151
Q

Naive immunocompetent B and T cells are exported from…

A

primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) to secondary lymphoid organs

152
Q

Major types of APCs:

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • B cells
153
Q

Negative affects of immune response:

A
  • autoimmune diseases

- allergic reactions

154
Q

Autoimmune diseases result when…

A

immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

155
Q

Autoimmunity is the production of…

A

autoantibodies and sensitized Tc cells that destroys body tissues

156
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis:

A

autoimmune disease that destroys joints

157
Q

Myasthenia gravis:

A

autoimmune disease that impairs nerve-muscle connections

158
Q

Multiple sclerosis:

A

autoimmune disease that destroys white matter myelin

159
Q

Graves’ disease:

A

autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism

160
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus:

A

autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic cells

161
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):

A

autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs

162
Q

Glomerulonephritis:

A

autoimmune disease that damages kidney

163
Q

The two types of hypersensitivities are distinguished by…

A
  • time course

- whether antibodies or T cells are involved

164
Q

When antibodies are involved in an allergic response, it causes…

A

immediate or subacute hypersensitivities

165
Q

When T cells are involved in an allergic response, it causes…

A

delayed hypersensitivity

166
Q

Steps of immediate hypersensitivities:

A
  1. initial contact w/ allergen and sensitizes person
  2. activated IgE against antigen binds to mast cells and basophils
  3. later encounter with same allergen causes flood of histamine release from IgEs, which results in induced inflammatory response
167
Q

Systemic response during immediate hypersensitivity leads to…

A

anaphylactic shock, which is usually seen with injected allergens

168
Q

Subacute hypersensitivities are caused by…

A

IgM and IgG transferred via blood plasma or serum

169
Q

Subacute hypersensitivities have a _____ onset and a ____ duration

A

short, long

170
Q

Example of cytotoxic reactions:

A

mismatched blood transfusion

171
Q

Example of immune complex hypersensitivity:

A

systemic lupus

172
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity depends on…

A

helper T cells

173
Q

TB test depends on what kind of reaction?

A

delayed hypersensitivity

174
Q

Example of delayed hypersensitivity?

A

poison ivy reaction

Physiology (33 decks)

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