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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: endocrine system is the first control system for homeostasis

A

F, it’s the second

- 1st is nervous system

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2
Q

Endocrine system is _____ acting, but lasts ______

A
  • slower than nervous

- lasts longer

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3
Q

Endocrine system acts via…

A

hormones

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4
Q

Hormone functions will regulate…

A
  • metabolic rate
  • water and electrolyte balance
  • cell proliferation
  • reproductive organs
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5
Q

Hormones control changes to help the body cope with…

A

stress

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6
Q

Hormones are secreted in…

A

very small amounts by specialized cells

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7
Q

How are hormones carried?

A

via blood

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8
Q

Hormones act on…

A

receptors of target cells to alter function

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9
Q

Classifications of hormones by signaling pattern:

A
  • endocrine
  • neurocrine
  • paracrine
  • autocrine
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10
Q

How are endocrine hormones produced and how do they travel?

A
  • produced by classical endocrine cells

- travel via blood to target tissue

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11
Q

How are neurocrine hormones released?

A

released by axonal ends of neurons into blood

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12
Q

What happens to paracrine hormones?

A

diffuses to different local cell types through ISF or gap junctions

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13
Q

What happens to autocrine hormones?

A

acts on itself or other identical cells via gap junctions

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14
Q

What regulates the release of hormones?

A
  • feedback control (positive, negative, neural)

- chronotropic control

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15
Q

Describe negative feedback:

A
  • most common
  • brings body back to normal
  • ex: relationship between pituitary and target glands
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16
Q

Describe positive feedback:

A
  • less common
  • amplifies effect of hormone
  • brings it farther away from homeostasis
  • self-limiting
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17
Q

Describe neural control:

A
  • ANS alters hormone secretion

- changes are detected by nervous receptors (visual, auditory, etc)

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18
Q

Describe chronotropic control:

A

hormones are released based on rhythms which are genetically encoded or acquired

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19
Q

Examples of chronotropic control:

A
  • circadian (24-25 hours)
  • diurnal (day-night)
  • ultradian (multiple times a day)
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20
Q

Which gland regulates the circadian clock?

A

pineal via release of melatonin

21
Q

Types of chemicals that can act as hormones:

A
  • amino acids (water or lipid soluble)
  • proteins and peptides (water soluble)
  • steroids (lipid soluble)
  • prostanoids (paracrine/autocrine)
22
Q

Amino acids are derived from…

A
  • tyrosine

- tryptophan

23
Q

Amino acids are released by…

A

exocytosis

24
Q

Proteins and peptides are synthesized as ______ and accumulates into ______

A
  • large precursor molecules

- vesicles

25
Q

Examples of proteins and peptides:

A
  • insulin
  • ANP
  • thyroid regulation hormone (TRH)
26
Q

Steroids are derived from…

A

cholesterol

27
Q

Steroids require _____ in the blood

A

protein carriers

28
Q

Prostanoids are derived from…

A

arachidonic acid (unsaturated fatty acid)

29
Q

T/F: prostanoids are stored

A

F, are immediately released after synthesis

30
Q

Prostanoids act on….

A

membrane receptors coupled to G proteins on target tissues

31
Q

What are the forms of hormones that affect the 1/2 life of it?

A
  • free/active hormones
  • prohormones
  • carrier bound hormones
32
Q

Describe free/active hormones:

A
  • fast acting
  • shortest 1/2 life
  • can be degraded by enzymes
33
Q

Describe prohormones:

A
  • circulates as inactive precursor of water soluble hormones
  • cleavage turns it into active
  • prolongs 1/2 life
34
Q

Describe carrier bound hormones:

A
  • longest 1/2 life
  • slowest response time
  • binds to specific globulins made by liver
  • carrier protects hormones from degradation
  • reduces renal clearance
35
Q

T/f: hormones are reversibly removed from plasma

A

F, irreversibly removed by target cell uptake, metabolic degradation, urinary and biliary excretion

36
Q

What are the two major sites of hormone extraction and degradation?

A
  • kidney

- liver

37
Q

What types of hormones are filtered?

A

free hormones

38
Q

In order for hormones to create a response, they must be…

A
  • recognized and bound to specific receptor

- hormone-receptor complex has to be coupled to signal generating mech (2nd messengers) or act on itself

39
Q

Secondary messengers alter…

A
  • enzyme activity or concentration
  • functional proteins
  • structural proteins
40
Q

What are the two receptor systems based on solubility?

A
  • membrane

- intracellular

41
Q

Plasma membrane receptors are activated by…

A

non-lipid soluble (NLS) hormones

42
Q

How fast is the response of plasma membrane receptors?

A

seconds to minutes

43
Q

Structure of membrane receptors:

A

large glycoproteins with specific extracellular binding sites
- located inside membrane

44
Q

What happens when a hormone occupies a membrane receptor?

A

change in conformation of receptor

45
Q

What is the % of available membrane receptors that creates the max biological action?

A

5-10%

46
Q

What is upregulation of membrane receptors and when does it occur?

A
  • increasing the number of membrane receptors
  • hormones recruit their own receptor and enhance sensitivity of cell
  • occurs when there is intermittent exposure to a lot of hormones
47
Q

What is downregulation of membrane receptors and when does it occur?

A
  • decrease in number of membrane receptors
  • occurs when there is a lot of hormones for a sustained period of time
  • lessens effect of chronic exposure
48
Q

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of membrane receptors alters…

A

affinity of receptor, which can also be altered by pH, osmolarity, ion concentration, and substrate levels

Physiology (33 decks)

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