Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Regular breathing is controlled by…

A

ANS without conscious effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiratory control center is located in the…

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiratory control center consists of 2 main clusters:

A
  • dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

- ventral respiratory group (VRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DRG has neurons that are active during…

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

VRG has neurons that mainly serve to…

A

switch off inspiration before expiration

- during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory control center sets the…

A

central ventilation pattern

- controls rate and amplitude of ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal control of breathing can be controlled by…

A
  • input from higher centers

- chemical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do higher centers control normal breathing?

A
  • voluntary and emotion-driven changes in breathing
  • most motor output through phrenic nerve
  • gets input from proprioceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of higher centers:

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • limbic system
  • cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of chemical stimuli:

A

drugs

  • barbiturates
  • general anesthesia
  • narcotic pain relievers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are chemical stimuli detected?

A

chemoreceptors (central and peripheral)

- activated by disruption of blood flow to medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common causes of activation of chemoreceptors:

A
  • cerebral concussion

- cerebral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are in the pons that control inspiration?

A
  • pneumotaxic centers: inhibit inspiration (stimulated during exhalation)
  • apneustic centers: stimulate inspiration (inhibited during exhalation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rate and depth of breathing are modified to meet…

A

metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Increase in activity leads to…

A

increase in metabolic demand -> increase in ventilation

- increase in O2 delivered and CO2 eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can affect both rate and depth of breathing?

A

levels of O2, CO2, and H+

17
Q

What is the most important regulator?

A

pCO2

- gets maintained at about 40 mmHg

18
Q

Increase in pCO2 leads to…

A

increase in ventilation

19
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

increase in pCO2 will cause an increase in ventilation

- blows off excess pCO2

20
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increase in ventilation that drives pCO2 down

  • increases pH
  • decreases ventilation
21
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located in the…

A

medulla

22
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond directly to _____ and indirectly to…

A
  • directly: changes in pH of brainstem CSF

- indirectly: pCO2

23
Q

How do central chemoreceptors detect CO2?

A
  1. CO2 crosses blood brain barrier
  2. gets converted and results in increase of H+
  3. decrease in pH and increase in pCO2
  4. firing rate of neurons increased
  5. increase in output to inspiratory muscles
24
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the…

A

aortic and carotid bodies

25
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to…

A

arterial pCO2

26
Q

How does acidosis affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

increase in arterial H+ directly leads to increase in firing rate

  • stimulates increased ventilation
  • decrease in arterial pCO2
27
Q

How does hypoxia affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • decrease in arterial pO2

- increase in ventilation

28
Q

How does altitude affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • decreased pressure = decreased pO2
    1. arterial pO2 < 60 mmHg -> increased firing to increase ventilation
    2. ventilation rate stays high until increase in RBCs
29
Q

What are some airway reflexes?

A
  • cough: receptors in larynx and trachea stimulate airway constriction and forced expiration
  • swallowing: inhibits respiration by closing larynx
30
Q

What is apnea?

A

cessation of breathing

31
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

A
  • respiration stops for relatively long periods of time
  • occurs when soft tissues of upper airway closes during inspiration
  • leads to daytime drowsiness
32
Q

What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

A

obesity

33
Q

What results in snoring?

A

partial closure of upper airway

34
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome is the most common cause of…

A

death outside perinatal period and 1st year of life

- unknown cause

35
Q

Yawn is a deep…

A

inspiration with mouth open

- increases tidal volume to spread surfactant

36
Q

What happens when you hold your breath?

A

breathing is voluntarily suspended until pCO2 rises enough to override conscious control

Physiology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions