Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Blood provides…
A
transportation and communication functions of cardiovascular system
2
Q
Amount of blood in the body is about…
A
- 5L
- 7% of total body weight
3
Q
What kind of tissue is blood considered?
A
connective
4
Q
Matrix of the blood is…
A
plasma
5
Q
Plasma:
A
- 55% of volume of circulating blood
- acts as solvent for transported substances and a support medium for blood cells
6
Q
Fibers of the blood are known as…
A
fibrinogens
7
Q
Fibrinogens:
A
- circulate in globular form
- become true fibers, such as fibrin during clotting
8
Q
Cells of the blood are…
A
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
9
Q
Red blood cells:
A
- erythrocytes
- responsible for transports O2 and some CO2
10
Q
Hematocrit:
A
% of blood volume occupied by RBCs
11
Q
Healthy hematocrit levels for males:
A
45%
12
Q
Healthy hematocrit levels for females:
A
42%
13
Q
Viscosity is the measure of…
A
fluid’s resistance to flow compared to water
14
Q
Increased red blood cells lead to…
A
increase in hematocrit, which leads to increase in viscosity and decreased flow
15
Q
White blood cells:
A
- leukocytes
- about 1% of total blood volume
- immune function
16
Q
Platelets:
A
- thrombocytes
- responsible for clotting
17
Q
Components of plasma:
A
- 92% water (acts as carrier)
- 7% proteins
18
Q
Proteins in the plasma act as…
A
buffers b/c binds extra H+
19
Q
Proteins in the plasma are classified as…
A
colloids due to large size
20
Q
3 main groups of plasma proteins:
A
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
21
Q
Albumin act as…
A
transport proteins
22
Q
T/F: there is more albumin out of the other plasma groups
A
T, which allows it to have a major influence on colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure
23
Q
Globulin function as…
A
transporters, antibodies, and zymogens
- circulates inactive precursors of enzymes
24
Q
Fibrinogen functions as…
A
clotting protein
25
In plasma, there is 1% of...
- ions
- nutrients
- wastes
- dissolved gases
- hormones
- chemical buffers
26
Hematopoiesis is the process of...
developing any one of various blood cell types
27
T/F: all blood cells derive from same stem cell
T
| - originate from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
28
What controls what type of blood cells get created?
hormones
29
Erythrocytes look like...
flexible, biconcave disks
30
Erythrocytes lack...
nucleus and other organelles
31
Erythrocytes are filled with...
hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing protein
| - binds and carries O2
32
Erythropoiesis is the formation of...
red blood cells
33
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by...
the hormone erythropoietin, which is made in the kidneys in response to low O2
- secondary source is the liver
34
Anemia is when there is a decrease in...
- red blood cells
- iron content
- amount/functionality of hemoglobin
35
Anemia will cause a decrease in...
o2 carrying capacity of blood
36
Polycythemia occurs when there is an increase in...
red blood cells
| - eventually causes increase in blood viscosity and workload on heart
37
Plasma membrane of RBC contains...
antigens
38
Functions of antigens:
- stimulate specific defense mechanisms of body
| - responsible for blood typing
39
Leukocytes are located within the...
buffy coat
40
Leukocytes all contain...
nuclei
41
Function of leukocytes:
- critical in body defense against foreign pathogens
| - basically immunity
42
Non-specific, innate immunity uses...
phagocytosis and enzymes to digest microorganisms, damaged cells, and cellular debris
43
Types of leukocytes:
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
44
Neutrophils:
1st line of defense
| - pink w/ multilobed nucleus
45
Eosinophils:
- involved in allergic and autoimmune reactions, and parasitic infections
- pink w/ 2 lobed nucleus and granules
46
Basophils:
- contains heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (increases vascular permeability)
- more blue than pink w/ lots of granules
47
Monocytes:
- largest cells
- macrophages
- blue with kidney shaped nucleus
- motile cells w/ ameboid motility and can pass through capillary walls
48
Monocytes are not confined to...
blood or lymph, but can be found in loose CT
49
Monocytes are attracted to...
site of injury, inflammation, or bacterial invasion by chemotaxis
50
Macrophages can take the nonself and...
display the foreign antigens on surface
| - shows non-self antigens to specific cells
51
Thrombocytes:
- small nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes that reside in bone marrow
- packed with granules
- important in hemostasis
52
Hemostasis:
homeostatic mechanism to maintain blood volume
53
If there is physical injury to blood vessels, what happens?
- smooth muscle spasms
- limits flow to damaged area
- can be local response or through sympathetic reflexes
54
What causes platelet aggregation?
- damage to endothelium
| - adhered platelets degranulate and release products
55
Examples of products released during degranulation of platelets:
- ADP + thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
- serotonin (5-HT)
- platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
56
Function of ADP + thromboxane A2 (TxA2):
activates additional platelets
57
Function of serotonin (5-HT):
- vasoconstrictor
| - activates fibrinogen
58
Function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF):
stimulates wound healing
59
Platelet plug:
mass of additional platelets can block small blood vessels
60
Thrombocytopenia:
low platelet count
61
Thrombocytopenia causes...
tiny hemorrhages (petechiae) or large hemorrhages (ecchymoses) on skin and mucus membrane
62
Blood coagulation:
complex process that consists of sequential activation of various factors present in blood, which results in blood clot
63
Where are clotting factors synthesized?
liver and need vitamin K for synthesis
64
What is the most important co-factor needed for coagulation?
Ca2+
65
Colloids are...
osmotically important
| - pulls fluids into blood
66
Function of alpha and beta globulins:
transport iron, lipids and vitamins
67
Function of gamma globulins:
- antibodies (immunoglobulins)
| - antibodies zymogens, which are precursors of enzymes
68
T/F: erythrocytes use aerobic metabolism
F, uses anaerobic metabolism so they don't use O2 they transport
69
Red blood cell life span is...
120 days
70
How do you treat anemia?
iron supplements
71
Leukocytes can live for...
several months or years
72
Cascade of blood coagulation leads to the activation of...
thrombin (factor II), which converts fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin
73
Blood coagulation eventually leads to the formation of...
thrombus (blood clot)
| - dense network of fibrin strands containing blood cells, platelets, and plasma
74
How will clots close the wound?
it shrinks
75
Three types of clotting cascades:
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
- common
76
Extrinsic pathway of clotting is activated by...
external trauma, which causes blood to escape from vascular system
- involves factor VII
77
Extrinsic pathway is quicker than...
intrinsic pathway
78
Intrinsic pathway of clotting is activated by....
- trauma inside vascular system
- platelets
- exposed endothelium
- chemicals
- collagen
79
Intrinsic pathway involves...
factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII
| - more important than extrinsic
80
Common pathway:
- both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways meet and finish here
| - involves factors I, II, V, and X
81
Platelet response to thrombin:
1. thrombin binds to protease-activated receptor (PAR) in platelet plasma membrane
2. thrombin cleaves off piece of receptor, which activates it
3. G12 activated and triggers signaling pathway
4. Rho protein activated
5. cascade alters shape of platelet facilitating contact with other platelets
82
Activated PAR from platelet response to thrombin also activates...
Gq -> activates phospholipase -> PIP2 to DAG and IP3 -> opening the IP gated channels to let Ca2+ to be released from ER
83
DAG and Ca2+ from platelet response to thrombin activates PKC, which leads to...
- phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, which triggers exocytosis of platelet granules
- increases activity of phospholipase A, which converts membrane phospholipid to arachidonic acid -> increase in activity of cyclooxygenase pathway that produces thromboxane A
84
Thromboxane A2 is produced by...
activated platelets
| - made from prostaglandin H2
85
Aspirin inhibits...
platelet COX1, which prevents formation of prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2
- irreversible
86
Aspirin is used to prevent...
- transient ischemic attack
- stroke
- myocardial infarction
87
Clot retraction is the...
shrinking of clots, which draws edges of wound together
| - days for large injury
88
Clot retraction is triggered by...
platelet coagulation factors including XIIa
| - fibrin mesh gets twisted together
89
Clot dissolution (lysis):
clots get liquified through fibrinolysis
90
For fibrinolysis, plasminogen circulates plasma protein, which activates...
plasmin proteolytic enzyme
91
Activators of plasmin proteolytic enzyme are derived from...
- tissues
- plasma
- urine (urokinase)
- bacterial (streptokinase)
- endothelial cells (tissue plasminogen activator (TPA))
92
Anticoagulants:
substances that prevent blood coagulation
93
In vitro anticoagulants:
sodium citrate or oxalate: removes Ca2+ from solution and prevent coagulation
94
In vivo anticoagulants:
naturally occurring substances and therapeutics
95
Examples of in vivo anticoagulants:
- heparin
| - dicumorol (warfarin)
96
Heparin:
- natural products
- short term
- released by basophils and mast cells
97
Heparin is used during...
open heart surgery
| - degraded naturally in a few hours
98
Warfarin:
- long term
| - inhibits synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors by liver
99
Examples of wound healing:
- inflammation
- tissue proliferation
- collagen and granulation tissue deposition
- angiogenesis
- wound contraction
- epithelization
100
Contributors to cardiovascular function:
- lymphatic system
- respiratory system
- skeletal system
- renal system
- GI system
101
Respiratory system contributes to cardiovascular function by...
gas exchange
102
Skeletal system contributes to cardiovascular function by...
site of blood formation
103
Renal system contributes to cardiovascular function by...
- stimulates blood formation
- removes wastes
- provides fluid homeostasis
104
GI system contributes to cardiovascular function by...
puts nutrients in to be distributed
105
Lymphatic system contributes to cardiovascular function by...
provides fluid homeostasis
