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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood provides…

A

transportation and communication functions of cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Amount of blood in the body is about…

A
  • 5L

- 7% of total body weight

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3
Q

What kind of tissue is blood considered?

A

connective

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4
Q

Matrix of the blood is…

A

plasma

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5
Q

Plasma:

A
  • 55% of volume of circulating blood

- acts as solvent for transported substances and a support medium for blood cells

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6
Q

Fibers of the blood are known as…

A

fibrinogens

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7
Q

Fibrinogens:

A
  • circulate in globular form

- become true fibers, such as fibrin during clotting

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8
Q

Cells of the blood are…

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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9
Q

Red blood cells:

A
  • erythrocytes

- responsible for transports O2 and some CO2

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10
Q

Hematocrit:

A

% of blood volume occupied by RBCs

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11
Q

Healthy hematocrit levels for males:

A

45%

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12
Q

Healthy hematocrit levels for females:

A

42%

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13
Q

Viscosity is the measure of…

A

fluid’s resistance to flow compared to water

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14
Q

Increased red blood cells lead to…

A

increase in hematocrit, which leads to increase in viscosity and decreased flow

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15
Q

White blood cells:

A
  • leukocytes
  • about 1% of total blood volume
  • immune function
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16
Q

Platelets:

A
  • thrombocytes

- responsible for clotting

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17
Q

Components of plasma:

A
  • 92% water (acts as carrier)

- 7% proteins

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18
Q

Proteins in the plasma act as…

A

buffers b/c binds extra H+

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19
Q

Proteins in the plasma are classified as…

A

colloids due to large size

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20
Q

3 main groups of plasma proteins:

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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21
Q

Albumin act as…

A

transport proteins

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22
Q

T/F: there is more albumin out of the other plasma groups

A

T, which allows it to have a major influence on colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure

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23
Q

Globulin function as…

A

transporters, antibodies, and zymogens

- circulates inactive precursors of enzymes

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24
Q

Fibrinogen functions as…

A

clotting protein

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25
Q

In plasma, there is 1% of…

A
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • wastes
  • dissolved gases
  • hormones
  • chemical buffers
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26
Q

Hematopoiesis is the process of…

A

developing any one of various blood cell types

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27
Q

T/F: all blood cells derive from same stem cell

A

T

- originate from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow

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28
Q

What controls what type of blood cells get created?

A

hormones

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29
Q

Erythrocytes look like…

A

flexible, biconcave disks

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30
Q

Erythrocytes lack…

A

nucleus and other organelles

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31
Q

Erythrocytes are filled with…

A

hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing protein

- binds and carries O2

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32
Q

Erythropoiesis is the formation of…

A

red blood cells

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33
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by…

A

the hormone erythropoietin, which is made in the kidneys in response to low O2
- secondary source is the liver

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34
Q

Anemia is when there is a decrease in…

A
  • red blood cells
  • iron content
  • amount/functionality of hemoglobin
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35
Q

Anemia will cause a decrease in…

A

o2 carrying capacity of blood

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36
Q

Polycythemia occurs when there is an increase in…

A

red blood cells

- eventually causes increase in blood viscosity and workload on heart

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37
Q

Plasma membrane of RBC contains…

A

antigens

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38
Q

Functions of antigens:

A
  • stimulate specific defense mechanisms of body

- responsible for blood typing

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39
Q

Leukocytes are located within the…

A

buffy coat

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40
Q

Leukocytes all contain…

A

nuclei

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41
Q

Function of leukocytes:

A
  • critical in body defense against foreign pathogens

- basically immunity

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42
Q

Non-specific, innate immunity uses…

A

phagocytosis and enzymes to digest microorganisms, damaged cells, and cellular debris

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43
Q

Types of leukocytes:

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
44
Q

Neutrophils:

A

1st line of defense

- pink w/ multilobed nucleus

45
Q

Eosinophils:

A
  • involved in allergic and autoimmune reactions, and parasitic infections
  • pink w/ 2 lobed nucleus and granules
46
Q

Basophils:

A
  • contains heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (increases vascular permeability)
  • more blue than pink w/ lots of granules
47
Q

Monocytes:

A
  • largest cells
  • macrophages
  • blue with kidney shaped nucleus
  • motile cells w/ ameboid motility and can pass through capillary walls
48
Q

Monocytes are not confined to…

A

blood or lymph, but can be found in loose CT

49
Q

Monocytes are attracted to…

A

site of injury, inflammation, or bacterial invasion by chemotaxis

50
Q

Macrophages can take the nonself and…

A

display the foreign antigens on surface

- shows non-self antigens to specific cells

51
Q

Thrombocytes:

A
  • small nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes that reside in bone marrow
  • packed with granules
  • important in hemostasis
52
Q

Hemostasis:

A

homeostatic mechanism to maintain blood volume

53
Q

If there is physical injury to blood vessels, what happens?

A
  • smooth muscle spasms
  • limits flow to damaged area
  • can be local response or through sympathetic reflexes
54
Q

What causes platelet aggregation?

A
  • damage to endothelium

- adhered platelets degranulate and release products

55
Q

Examples of products released during degranulation of platelets:

A
  • ADP + thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
  • serotonin (5-HT)
  • platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
56
Q

Function of ADP + thromboxane A2 (TxA2):

A

activates additional platelets

57
Q

Function of serotonin (5-HT):

A
  • vasoconstrictor

- activates fibrinogen

58
Q

Function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF):

A

stimulates wound healing

59
Q

Platelet plug:

A

mass of additional platelets can block small blood vessels

60
Q

Thrombocytopenia:

A

low platelet count

61
Q

Thrombocytopenia causes…

A

tiny hemorrhages (petechiae) or large hemorrhages (ecchymoses) on skin and mucus membrane

62
Q

Blood coagulation:

A

complex process that consists of sequential activation of various factors present in blood, which results in blood clot

63
Q

Where are clotting factors synthesized?

A

liver and need vitamin K for synthesis

64
Q

What is the most important co-factor needed for coagulation?

A

Ca2+

65
Q

Colloids are…

A

osmotically important

- pulls fluids into blood

66
Q

Function of alpha and beta globulins:

A

transport iron, lipids and vitamins

67
Q

Function of gamma globulins:

A
  • antibodies (immunoglobulins)

- antibodies zymogens, which are precursors of enzymes

68
Q

T/F: erythrocytes use aerobic metabolism

A

F, uses anaerobic metabolism so they don’t use O2 they transport

69
Q

Red blood cell life span is…

A

120 days

70
Q

How do you treat anemia?

A

iron supplements

71
Q

Leukocytes can live for…

A

several months or years

72
Q

Cascade of blood coagulation leads to the activation of…

A

thrombin (factor II), which converts fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin

73
Q

Blood coagulation eventually leads to the formation of…

A

thrombus (blood clot)

- dense network of fibrin strands containing blood cells, platelets, and plasma

74
Q

How will clots close the wound?

A

it shrinks

75
Q

Three types of clotting cascades:

A
  • extrinsic
  • intrinsic
  • common
76
Q

Extrinsic pathway of clotting is activated by…

A

external trauma, which causes blood to escape from vascular system
- involves factor VII

77
Q

Extrinsic pathway is quicker than…

A

intrinsic pathway

78
Q

Intrinsic pathway of clotting is activated by….

A
  • trauma inside vascular system
  • platelets
  • exposed endothelium
  • chemicals
  • collagen
79
Q

Intrinsic pathway involves…

A

factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII

- more important than extrinsic

80
Q

Common pathway:

A
  • both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways meet and finish here

- involves factors I, II, V, and X

81
Q

Platelet response to thrombin:

A
  1. thrombin binds to protease-activated receptor (PAR) in platelet plasma membrane
  2. thrombin cleaves off piece of receptor, which activates it
  3. G12 activated and triggers signaling pathway
  4. Rho protein activated
  5. cascade alters shape of platelet facilitating contact with other platelets
82
Q

Activated PAR from platelet response to thrombin also activates…

A

Gq -> activates phospholipase -> PIP2 to DAG and IP3 -> opening the IP gated channels to let Ca2+ to be released from ER

83
Q

DAG and Ca2+ from platelet response to thrombin activates PKC, which leads to…

A
  • phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, which triggers exocytosis of platelet granules
  • increases activity of phospholipase A, which converts membrane phospholipid to arachidonic acid -> increase in activity of cyclooxygenase pathway that produces thromboxane A
84
Q

Thromboxane A2 is produced by…

A

activated platelets

- made from prostaglandin H2

85
Q

Aspirin inhibits…

A

platelet COX1, which prevents formation of prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2
- irreversible

86
Q

Aspirin is used to prevent…

A
  • transient ischemic attack
  • stroke
  • myocardial infarction
87
Q

Clot retraction is the…

A

shrinking of clots, which draws edges of wound together

- days for large injury

88
Q

Clot retraction is triggered by…

A

platelet coagulation factors including XIIa

- fibrin mesh gets twisted together

89
Q

Clot dissolution (lysis):

A

clots get liquified through fibrinolysis

90
Q

For fibrinolysis, plasminogen circulates plasma protein, which activates…

A

plasmin proteolytic enzyme

91
Q

Activators of plasmin proteolytic enzyme are derived from…

A
  • tissues
  • plasma
  • urine (urokinase)
  • bacterial (streptokinase)
  • endothelial cells (tissue plasminogen activator (TPA))
92
Q

Anticoagulants:

A

substances that prevent blood coagulation

93
Q

In vitro anticoagulants:

A

sodium citrate or oxalate: removes Ca2+ from solution and prevent coagulation

94
Q

In vivo anticoagulants:

A

naturally occurring substances and therapeutics

95
Q

Examples of in vivo anticoagulants:

A
  • heparin

- dicumorol (warfarin)

96
Q

Heparin:

A
  • natural products
  • short term
  • released by basophils and mast cells
97
Q

Heparin is used during…

A

open heart surgery

- degraded naturally in a few hours

98
Q

Warfarin:

A
  • long term

- inhibits synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors by liver

99
Q

Examples of wound healing:

A
  • inflammation
  • tissue proliferation
  • collagen and granulation tissue deposition
  • angiogenesis
  • wound contraction
  • epithelization
100
Q

Contributors to cardiovascular function:

A
  • lymphatic system
  • respiratory system
  • skeletal system
  • renal system
  • GI system
101
Q

Respiratory system contributes to cardiovascular function by…

A

gas exchange

102
Q

Skeletal system contributes to cardiovascular function by…

A

site of blood formation

103
Q

Renal system contributes to cardiovascular function by…

A
  • stimulates blood formation
  • removes wastes
  • provides fluid homeostasis
104
Q

GI system contributes to cardiovascular function by…

A

puts nutrients in to be distributed

105
Q

Lymphatic system contributes to cardiovascular function by…

A

provides fluid homeostasis

Physiology (33 decks)

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