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Physiology > Somatosensory Pathways > Flashcards

Somatosensory Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent sensory info travels on the…

A

1st order neurons from somatic segments of body

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2
Q

Afferent sensory info enters…

A

spinal cord through dorsal roots

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3
Q

All sensory info that travels to higher centers in the CNS proceed through the…

A

white fiber tracts

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4
Q

2nd order neurons travel to…

A

thalamus to be relayed to appropriate area of cortex

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5
Q

Conscious perception of somatic sensation occurs in the…

A

somatosensory cortex

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6
Q

Most important ascending somatosensory pathways (2):

A
  • dorsal column medial leminscal tract

- spinothalamic tracts

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7
Q

Most important facial somatosensory pathway:

A

trigemnothalamic tract

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8
Q

First order neurons carry signals from…

A

receptors into the spinal cord through the dorsal root

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9
Q

Cell body of first order neurons are in the…

A

dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

Dermatomes determine where…

A

nerves carry information

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11
Q

Second order neurons carry signals from…

A

spinal cord/brain stem to thalamus

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12
Q

Axons of second order neurons…

A

decussate (crossover) in the spinal cord/brain stem

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13
Q

Second order neurons end in _____ thalamus where they _______

A

contralateral, synapse w/ third order neuron

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14
Q

Ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus is associated w/…

A

body

- 2nd order neuron

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15
Q

Ventroposteromedial nucleus (VPM) is associated w/…

A

face

- 2nd order neuron

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16
Q

3rd order neuron transmits info from…

A

thalamus to primary somatosensory area

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17
Q

3rd order neuron travels to which side of the cortex

A

ipsilateral (same side)

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18
Q

DCML is made up of…

A

large myelinated fibers (A beta or type II)

- rapidly transmits info

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19
Q

DCML carries info about…

A
  • fine discriminative touch
  • pressure and stretch
  • proprioception
  • visceral sensations
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20
Q

Precise touch comes from…

A

cutaneous receptors

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21
Q

Examples of cutaneous receptors:

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini endings
  • Merkel cells
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22
Q

Precise touch provides:

A
  • high degrees of localization
  • differentiation between two stimuli
  • vibration
  • stereogenesis
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23
Q

Stereogenesis is the identification…

A

of objects based on size, shape, texture

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24
Q

Pressure and stretch allows…

A

judgement of weight of an object/differences in weights

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25
Q

Proprioception comes from receptors in…

A
  • skeletal muscles (muscle spindle)
  • ligaments
  • tendons (Golgi tendon organ)
  • joint capsules
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26
Q

T/F: proprioception senses both phasic and tonic conditions

A

T

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27
Q

Examples of phasic conditions:

A
  • vibrations
  • movement against skin
  • position sensations
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28
Q

Phasic information goes to…

A

cerebral cortex and cerebellum

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29
Q

Example of tonic conditions:

A

conscious orientation of body/body parts relative to one another

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30
Q

Tonic conditions are unconsciously monitored by…

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

DCML has precise somatotopic arrangement of…

A

neurons and axons at all levels

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32
Q

Damage to the DCML tract will impair…

A

tactile recognition of objects placed in hands

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33
Q

DCML: 1st order neurons travels along the..

A

same side that it entered on up to medulla

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34
Q

DCML: medulla is the site of…

A

1st synapse of 1st order neurons and 2nd order neurons in dorsal column nuclei

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35
Q

DCML: 1st order neurons collaterals from _____ synapse w/ ______ in the dorsal horn

A

primary afferents, interneurons

- mediates reflexes

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36
Q

DCML: thalamus is the site of synapse between…

A

2nd and 3rd order neurons

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37
Q

DCML: _____ info from the thalamus is relayed to _____

A

contralateral, VPL and ventrobasal complex

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38
Q

Thalamus:

A
  • highly mapped regions

- relays info to specific areas of somatosensory cortex

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39
Q

Thalamic neuron excitability depends on…

A

stage of the sleep/wake cycle

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40
Q

DCML: most 3rd order neurons project to the…

A

somatosensory cortex

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41
Q

Somatosensory cortex is located in the…

A

cortical gray matter of parietal lobes of cerebrum

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42
Q

Somatosensory cortex is organized…

A

contralaterally

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43
Q

Somatosensory cortex is the main area posterior to…

A

central sulcus on post central gyrus

  • somatic sensory area I (SSI)
  • somatic secondary area 2 (SSII): behind SSI
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44
Q

Sensory homunculus:

A
  • distorted representation of body on surface of brain

- proportionate area of cortex to # of receptors from area

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45
Q

Large area of the sensory homunculus is dedicated to…

A
  • lips
  • face
  • fingers
46
Q

Small area of sensory homunculus is dedicated to…

A
  • trunk
  • eyes
  • nose
47
Q

Anteriolateral pathway is made of…

A

A delta and C fibers

- slower than DCML

48
Q

Anteriolateral pathway carries _____ info

A

less precise b/c degree of spatial localization is poor

49
Q

In the anteriolateral pathway, 1st order neurons enter the…

A

dorsal root

50
Q

In the anteriolateral pathway, 1st order neurons will immediately synapses w/ _____ in lateral part of _____

A

interneurons and 2nd order neurons, dorsal horn of spinal cord

51
Q

Two types of anteriolateral pathways:

A
  • anterior spinothalamic tract (AST)
  • lateral spinothalamic tract (LST)
  • both differ in type of info carried
52
Q

AST transmits what type of info…

A

crude touch (non-discriminating) w/ 2nd order neurons

53
Q

Crude touch includes…

A
  • sexual sensations
  • pressure
  • tickle
  • itch
54
Q

AST is mainly made up of what type of fibers?

A

A delta

55
Q

LST receptors are…

A

tonic (slow/no adaptation)

56
Q

LST transmits info about…

A
  • fast/acute pain
  • slow/chronic pain
  • temp
  • does this through 2nd order neurons
57
Q

Fast/acute pain:

A
  • through mechanical nociceptors and A delta fibers

- activated by intense mechanical stimulation

58
Q

Fast/acute pain is perceived as…

A
  • sharp
  • intense
  • pricking
  • electric
59
Q

Slow/chronic pain:

A
  • through polymodal nociceptors and C fibers
  • responds to several types of noxious stimuli
  • thermal (extremes of cold/heat)
60
Q

Slow/chronic pain is perceived as…

A
  • dull
  • burning
  • aching
  • throbbing
61
Q

Temperature is sensed by…

A

primary sensory thermoreceptors for response to cold/warm sensations

62
Q

A delta fibers for temperature carries…

A

cold temp info

63
Q

C fibers for temperature carries…

A

warm temp info

64
Q

Info can take a few tracts to get the thalamus:

A
  • 2nd order neurons/collateral branches
  • thalamic nuclei
  • fast-pain pathway
  • slow-pain pathway
65
Q

Collateral branches activate…

A

motor neuron pools in the spinal cord that participates in reflex actions

66
Q

Collateral branches have inputs to the…

A

reticular formation in the brain stem

- most pain fibers synapse here

67
Q

Most of the synapses of the thalamic nuclei occurs in the…

A
  • intralaminar (IL) nucleus

- ventrobasal (VB) nuclei

68
Q

Intralaminar nucleus transmits…

A

slow pain signals

69
Q

VB nuclei transmits…

A
  • tactile signals

- fast pain signals

70
Q

Thalamic nuclei:

A
  • nonspecific

- poorly mapped relay area

71
Q

Thalamic nuclei has 3rd order neurons from intralaminar and VB nucleui that projects to…

A

nonspecific regions of the brain including SSI, limbic system, and basal ganglia

72
Q

Small portion of thalamic nuclei synapses in the…

A

ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus

- some nondiscriminating tactile responses and some fast pain is here

73
Q

Thalamic nuclei has 3rd order neurons from VPL nucleus that projects to…

A
  • somatosensory cortex

- frontal cortex

74
Q

Fast pain pathway is located in:

A
  • reticular areas
  • VB
  • basal areas of brain
  • somatosensory cortex
75
Q

Slow pain pathway is located in:

A
  • thalamus (IL and VB)
  • reticular areas
  • tectal area in mesencephalon
  • periaqueductal gray
  • hypothalamus
  • basal areas of brain
76
Q

Pain includes:

A
  • sensory discrimination and motivational-affective components
77
Q

T/F: sensory experience involves emotional response

A

T

78
Q

Nociceptors:

A
  • tonic

- sensitization can result in hyperalgesia

79
Q

Primary nociceptive neurons release…

A

neurotransmitters (substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP)

80
Q

SSI and SSII interpret pain info:

A
  • determination of quality of pain
  • location
  • intensity
  • duration
81
Q

Other areas provide motivational-affective responses:

A
  • level of attention and arousal
  • somatic and autonomic reflexes
  • endocrine responses
  • emotional changes
82
Q

Neurogenic pain is the…

A

perception of pain in the absence of nociceptive stimulation

83
Q

Neurogenic pain can occur after damage to…

A
  • peripheral nerves

- parts of CNS

84
Q

Visceral pain is the…

A

pain relayed from organs

85
Q

Viscera do not have ____ receptors

A
  • proprioceptors
  • temp
  • touch
86
Q

Nociceptors are usually inactive, but activated when…

A

sensitized by injury or inflammation

87
Q

Sensors for visceral pain are associated w/ the _____ system

A

autonomic

- usually involved in reflexes

88
Q

Sensors for visceral pain include…

A
  • mechanoreceptors (creates sensation of distension)

- nociceptive information that travels same pathways as somatic sensations

89
Q

Referred pain:

A

pain originating from deep structures (muscle/viscera) that is perceived as if from superficial somatic structures

90
Q

Referred pain occurs b/c of…

A

convergence of somatic and visceral pain fibers in spinal cord

91
Q

Referred pain is generally referred to…

A

an area that is remote from the actual origin of pain

92
Q

Heart attacks that can feel like pain in the chest wall and left arm are an example of…

A

referred pain

93
Q

Pain suppression mechanisms:

A
  • group of interneurons w/ inhibitory receptive fields associated w/ binding of GABA, glycine and endogenous opioids to membrane receptors
  • gating of pain
  • endogenous analgesia system
94
Q

Inhibitory fields of interneurons can be activated by…

A
  • weak mechanical stimuli

- other noxious stimuli

95
Q

Examples of noxious stimuli:

A
  • transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)
  • acupuncture
  • physical manipulation
96
Q

Gating of pain is the process of…

A

interfering w/ the pain pathway

- closes the gate passage for pain

97
Q

Gating of pain can occur w/in the…

A

brainstem/spinal cord

98
Q

Gating of pain will inhibit the release of…

A

subtance P from pain neurons

99
Q

Gating of pain involves the _____ system

A

enkephalin

100
Q

Enkephalin system is activated by…

A

pain signals relayed from reticular formation

101
Q

Gating of pain will stimulate

A

neurons in periaqueductal gray matter

- releases enkephalin

102
Q

Serotonergic nerves descend to…

A

the level of the incoming signal in the spinal cord

103
Q

Serotonergic nerves synapse on the…

A

pain suppression complex (interneuron pool) in the dorsal horn

104
Q

Gating of pain will stimulate GABAminergic/enkephalin neurons which release…

A

GABA onto the synapse between primary and secondary sensory neurons

105
Q

When gating of pain releases GABA onto synapse between primary and secondary sensory neurons, the prevention of ____ and _____ occurs

A
  • release of substance P (presyn inhibition)

- stimulation of substance P (postsyn inhibition)

106
Q

Spinal cord pain gating system works by…

A

stimulating pain suppression complex

107
Q

Endogenous analgesia system:

A

CNS suppression of incoming info at the level of the brain

108
Q

Endogenous analgesia system is activated by…

A

stressful/intensely painful situation

109
Q

Pain signals relayed from reticular formation activates…

A

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (fight or flight)

110
Q

Hypothalamic (periventricular nuclei) neurons release…

A

beta endorphins into cerebral spinal fluid (bathes neurons in higher centers and suppresses pain)

111
Q

Gating of pain signals will descend to

A

raphe magnus nucleus in reticular formation and activate serotonergic nerves
- releases serotonin

112
Q

Components of gating pain signals:

A
  • enkephalin system
  • periaqueductal gray matter (releases enkephalin)
  • raphe magnus nucleus in reticular formation (releases serotonin)
  • serotonergic nerves

Physiology (33 decks)

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