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Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system:

A
  • controls distribution of blood
  • major transportation system via blood
  • participates in homeostatic mechanisms
  • defense against foreign/toxic substances
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2
Q

What travels in the lungs via the cardiovascular system?

A

O2

- needed by all cells for aerobic respiration

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3
Q

O2 travels on…

A

RBC

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4
Q

What moves from GI tract to all cells?

A
  • nutrients and water
  • water soluble goes to plasma
  • water insoluble goes on carriers
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5
Q

What gets transported in the blood?

A
  • nutrients
  • gas
  • water
  • materials
  • wastes
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6
Q

What are some materials that are moved from cell to cell via blood?

A
  • by product of metabolism to live for processing
  • immune cells and antibodies
  • clotting proteins
  • hormones
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7
Q

Immune cells and antibodies are…

A

always in blood to fight infections

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8
Q

Clotting proteins are…

A

always in blood to prevent fluid loss

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9
Q

Hormones:

A
  • from endocrine glands to target cells

- stored nutrients from liver and adipose to body cells

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10
Q

What are some wastes to be eliminated?

A
  • metabolic wastes
  • heat
  • CO2
  • lactic acid
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11
Q

Metabolic wastes is removed by the…

A

kidneys

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12
Q

Heat is removed by the…

A

skin

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13
Q

CO2 is removed by the…

A

lungs

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14
Q

Examples of homeostatic mechanisms:

A
  • temperature regulations
  • fluid balance
  • regulation of ECF, pH, and osmolarity
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15
Q

How is temperature regulated in the body?

A

brings warm blood to surface to cool body

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16
Q

What helps with balancing fluids?

A

blood vessels and osmotic balance

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17
Q

What helps regulate ECF, pH, and osmolarity?

A
  • plasma buffers

- kidneys

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18
Q

How does the cardiovascular system play a role in defense against foreign/toxic substances?

A
  • lymphatics

- flow through kidney

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19
Q

Components of cardiovascular system:

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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20
Q

Heart:

A
  • 2 pumps
  • both sides of heart are linked
  • not all blood is pumped each time
  • both sides of heart are pumped simultaneously
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21
Q

T/F: blood flows from ventricle of one side and returns to atrium of same side

A

F, from ventricle on one side and returns to atrium of other side

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22
Q

The heart is located in…

A

mediastinum

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23
Q

All vessels of the heart enter and leave through the…

A

base (broad portion)

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24
Q

Right and left sides of the heart is separated by…

A

septum (central wall)

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25
Q

Both sides of the heart have…

A
  • atria

- ventricle

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26
Q

Atria:

A
  • thin walled
  • low pressure reservoirs for arriving blood
  • not really important as pumps
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27
Q

Ventricle:

A
  • thick walled
  • develop high pressure w/ contraction
  • pumps blood out of heart
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28
Q

Flow of the blood is…

A

one-way, which is ensured by valve system

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29
Q

Right side of heart is also known as the…

A

pulmonary circuit

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30
Q

Right side of heart is a ____ pressure system

A

low

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31
Q

Blood flow through the right side:

A
  1. blood from head and body
  2. right atrium
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary artery
  6. lungs
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32
Q

Right side of heart propels…

A

blood to lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2

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33
Q

Left side of heart is also known as the…

A

systemic circuit

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34
Q

Left side of heart propels…

A

blood to all other tissues/organs

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35
Q

Left side of heart is a ____ pressure system

A

high

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36
Q

Blood flow through the left side:

A
  1. blood from lungs
  2. left atrium
  3. bicuspid valve
  4. left ventricle
  5. aortic semilunar valve
  6. aorta
  7. head and body
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37
Q

Blood flows along…

A

pressure gradient

- from high to low

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38
Q

Blood vessels is also known as…

A
  • conduits

- closed circulatory system

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39
Q

In a closed circulatory system, the blood…

A

stays in vessels

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40
Q

Blood vessels are arranged in…

A

series and in parallel

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41
Q

Distribution of blood vessels to organs is…

A

parallel to each other

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42
Q

Distribution of blood vessels to each organ is…

A

in series

- heart to organ to heart

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43
Q

Arteries and arterioles are tubes that…

A

distribute blood

- brings blood to capillaries for exchange

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44
Q

Arteries and arterioles are ____ pressure vessels

A

high

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45
Q

Arteries and arterioles make up _____ of blood vessels

A

11%

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46
Q

The flow of arteries and arterioles is…

A

fast and pulsatile

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47
Q

T/F: there is enough blood to flow to every capillary bed simultaneously

A

F, not enough so some arteries/arterioles are constricted to limit flow to that area or dilated to increase flow to area

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48
Q

Constriction of arteries and arterioles are regulated…

A

locally or systematically by SNS

- norepi at alpha 1 -> Gq proteins -> PLC activated -> IP3 activated

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49
Q

Capillaries are…

A

exchanging vessels

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50
Q

Capillaries are ____ pressure vessels

A

mid

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51
Q

Capillaries make up _____ of blood vessels

A

5%

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52
Q

Blood flow in the capillaries is…

A

slow

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53
Q

Capillaries are the only place where…

A

nutrients, gases, and water are exchanged between blood vessels and ECF

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54
Q

Materials are exchanged in the capillaries by…

A
  • mostly diffusion

- some filtration

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55
Q

Venules and veins are tubes that…

A

collect blood

- returns blood to heart

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56
Q

Venules and veins are _____ pressure vessels

A

low, with high compliance

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57
Q

Venules and veins make up ____ of blood vessels

A

67%

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58
Q

Venules and veins causes a…

A

slight increase in flow rate

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59
Q

Venules and veins act as…

A

storage vessels

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60
Q

Parts of the cardiac chambers:

A
  • 2 atria

- 2 ventricles

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61
Q

The atria are…

A

receiving chambers

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62
Q

The ventricles are…

A

pumping chambers

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63
Q

Cardiac valves are between…

A
  • atria and ventricles

- ventricles and receiving vessels

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64
Q

Cardiac valves:

A
  • prevent backflow of blood
  • have no muscle
  • made of CT covered w/ epi
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65
Q

Cardiac valves are regulated by…

A

strictly passively by pressure

- can’t open or close via neurons or endocrine system

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66
Q

Semilunar valves (SV) are located…

A

at ventricular exits (pulmonary/aortic)

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67
Q

Right aortic valve (AV) is known as the…

A

tricuspid

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68
Q

Left aortic valve (AV) is known as the…

A

bicuspid/mitral

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69
Q

Flaps of aortic valves are anchored by…

A

chordae tendinae

- prevents flaps from everting during ventricular systole

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70
Q

Wall of heart has…

A

3 layers

  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • pericardium
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71
Q

Endocardium of heart:

A

endothelial lining

72
Q

Myocardium of heart:

A

muscle layer

73
Q

Pericardium of heart:

A

Fibrous CT sac filled w/ fluid that surrounds heart

74
Q

Pericardium is made up of…

A
  • epicardium
  • parietal layer
  • pericardial fluid in cavity, which decreases friction during systole
75
Q

Epicardium is…

A

CT that forms visceral pericardium

76
Q

Parietal layer is…

A

fibrous CT

- prevents sudden over-distension of cardiac chambers

77
Q

Slow myocytes:

A
  • can generate AP
  • found in SA/AV node
  • act as pacemakers
  • don’t contribute to contraction
78
Q

Fast myocytes:

A
  • majority of myocardium
  • contractile atrial, ventricular myocytes, and Purkinje cells
  • move the blood
79
Q

Cardiomyocytes are…

A

cardiac muscle cells

  • 99% are contractile
  • fast myocytes
  • shorter than skeletal muscle
  • branched and joined at the ends at intercalated discs
80
Q

Cardiomyocytes form the majority of…

A

myocardium

81
Q

T-tubules in cardiomyocytes are…

A

larger than skeletal muscle and branch internally

82
Q

SR in cardiomyocytes are…

A

smaller than skeletal muscle

  • 90% of Ca2+ for contraction comes from SER
  • 10% comes from ECF
83
Q

Cardiomyocytes has intercalated discs between cells, which have…

A
  • desmosomes

- gap junctions

84
Q

Gap junctions in cardiomyocytes are similar to…

A

single unit smooth muscle

85
Q

Intercalated discs at cardiomyocytes allow cells to…

A

function as syncytium

86
Q

What happens during the effective refractory period?

A
  • Na+ channels are inactive
  • can’t be opened
  • another AP can’t occur
87
Q

What happens during the relative effective refractory period?

A
  • Na+ channels transition to closed state during repolarization
  • another AP can occur, but it needs larger depolarization
88
Q

AP of fast myocytes:

A
  • depolarizes fast
  • has stable RMP of -90mV
  • high K+ conductance
  • very small Na+ conductance
89
Q

Phases of AP in fast myocytes:

A
  • phase 0: depolarization
  • phase 1: brief early repolarization phase
  • phase 2: plateau phase
  • phase 3: repolarization develops slower than depolarization
  • phase 4: resting state
90
Q

Phase 0 of AP in fast myocytes:

depolarization

A
  • occurs b/c of AP
  • fast VGC Na+ open (Na+ influx)
  • positive feedback opens many VGC Na+
  • looks like rapid upstroke on graph
  • slow VGC Ca2+ begins to open at this point
91
Q

Phase 1 of AP in fast myocytes:

brief early repolarization phase

A
  • transient outward movement of K+ through open channels
92
Q

Phase 2 of AP in fast myocytes:

plateau phase

A
  • occurs b/c of slow VGC Ca2+ (L-type)

- permeability to K+ remains, but at lower conductance

93
Q

Phase 3 of AP in fast myocytes:

repolarization develops slower than depolarization

A
  • L-type VGC Ca2+ close
  • slow VGC K+ opens (K+ efflux)
  • Na+ inactivation gates stay closed until 1/2 way of this phase
94
Q

Phase 4 of AP in fast myocytes:

resting state

A
  • excess Na+ and Ca2+ eliminated

- muscle relaxes

95
Q

AP is almost the same length as…

A

contraction

96
Q

Membrane of myocytes is refractory for…

A

most of contraction

- prevents sustained contractions of myocardium

97
Q

At increased heart rates, the length of both…

A

AP and contractions are reduced

98
Q

AP of slow myocytes don’t need…

A

activation via external innervation (nerve supply)

99
Q

External innervation of slow myocytes would alter…

A

membrane polarity and alter intrinsic rate (regular rhythm)

100
Q

AP of slow myocytes act as…

A

pacemakers

- has ability to initiate AP, which results in regular rhythm

101
Q

Phases of AP in slow myocytes:

A
  • phase 0: upstroke
  • phase 1 and 2: absent
  • phase 3: gradual repolarization
  • phase 4: “funny” Na+ channels activated when membrane potential is -60 mV
102
Q

Phase 0 of AP in slow myocytes:

upstroke

A
  • funny If channels close
  • slow VGC Ca2+ open (L-type)
  • depolarization is much less steep than fast myocytes
  • influx of Ca2+
103
Q

Phase 3 of of AP in slow myocytes:

gradual repolarization

A
  • Ca2+ channels close at peak of AP

- slow VGC K+ opens (K+ efflux)

104
Q

Phase 4 of AP in slow myocytes:

“funny” Na+ channels activated when membrane potential is -60 mV

A
  • cycle repeats

- long refractory period

105
Q

Pacemaker potential:

A
  • lacks steady RMP
  • much less negative than regular myocytes
  • slow depolarization b/c of opening of Na+ and closing of K+ channels
106
Q

Heart rate:

A
  • rate of depolarization cycle
107
Q

How do you modify the interval between APs in slow myocytes?

A

by altering permeability of slow myocytes

108
Q

Sequence of excitation of heart:

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. atrioventricular (AV) bundle
  4. right and left bundle branches
  5. subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
109
Q

SA node is the…

A

primary pacemaker in right atrial wall

- has lots of slow myocytes

110
Q

SA node will depolarize…

A

faster than rest of myocardium

111
Q

SA node generates a sinus rhythm of…

A

75 times/min

112
Q

Inherent rate of SA node:

A

100 times/min

- tempered by extrinsic factors

113
Q

Spontaneous discharge rate results in…

A

AP of SA node

114
Q

Signal from SA node will travel through…

A

gap junctions along internodal pathway

- AP travels across fast myocytes of atria, which leads to contraction of atria

115
Q

The internodal pathway leads to…

A

AV node

- only entry route for cardiac impulse to ventricles

116
Q

AV node is located on…

A

posterior wall of right atria in interatrial septum

117
Q

AV nodal delay:

A
  • functional delay between atrial and ventricular excitation
  • occurs b/c fibers have smaller diameter and fewer gap junctions
  • allows optimal ventricular filling during atrial contraction
  • prevents overstimulation of ventricles
118
Q

Inherent rate of AV node w/out SA node:

A

50 times/min

119
Q

Myofibers in AV node have…

A

similar proportion to SA node

- slower spontaneous depolarization rate

120
Q

Impulse leaves AV node and travels down septum through…

A 
AV bundle (bundle of His)
- branches off into right and left bundle branches
121
Q

AV bundle is located in…

A

superior interventricular septum

122
Q

AV bundle is the only…

A

electrical connection between atria and ventricles

123
Q

Atria and ventricles are not…

A

connected via gap junctions

124
Q

Bundle branches break up into…

A

Purkinje fibers at apex

125
Q

Purkinje fibers have VGC for…

A

both fast and slow myocytes (2 different pathways)

126
Q

Purkinje fibers:

A
  • travel about 1/3 the way up ventricular walls
  • have myofibers w/ large diameters
  • higher permeable gap junctions between cells
127
Q

Myofibers and gap junctions in Purkinje fibers allows for…

A

rapid activation of ventricular myofibers from apex toward atria

128
Q

Purkinje fibers are more elaborate on the…

A

left side

129
Q

Ectopic foci:

A

regions other than SA node that initiate AP

130
Q

Examples of ectopic foci:

A
  • AV node

- Purkinje fibers

131
Q

Ectopic foci become pacemakers when…

A
  • own rhythmicity is enhanced
  • rhythmicity of higher order pacemaker is suppressed
  • all conduction between ectopic focus and areas w/ greater rhythmicity become blocked
132
Q

Ectopic foci act as…

A

safety mechanism when normal cycle fails

133
Q

Ectopic foci can induce…

A
  • sporadic rhythm disturbances
  • continuous rhythm disturbances
  • both occur if active while normal center is also active
134
Q

Sporadic rhythm disturbances can lead to…

A

premature depolarization

135
Q

Continuous rhythm disturbances can lead to…

A

paroxysmal tachycardia

136
Q

Ectopic foci can be induced by…

A
  • ischemia
  • inflammation and/or compression of cardiac myofibers
  • toxic irritation of AV node, Purkinje fibers, or myocardium induced by drugs
  • bundle branch blocking re-entry
137
Q

Ischemia:

A

reduced coronary blood flow, which leads to decrease in O2 delivery

138
Q

When bundle branches block re-entry, it can cause…

A

arrhythmias by producing extrasystole

139
Q

Defective AV node can cause…

A

heart block: few/no impulse can reach ventricles

140
Q

During heart block at AV node, ventricles will…

A

beat at intrinsic rate, which is too slow for life

- will need artificial pacemaker to treat

141
Q

Defects in intrinsic conduction system can cause…

A
  • arrhythmias
  • uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions
  • fibrillation
142
Q

Arrhythmias:

A
  • irregular heart rhythms
143
Q

Fibrillation:

A
  • rapid, irregular contractions

- heart becomes useless for pumping blood, which leads to poor circulation and can cause strokes

144
Q

To treat fibrillation, you would need…

A

drugs that prolong refractory period/defibrillation

145
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG):

A

records electrical potential difference across body

146
Q

EKG on a graph has ____ as x-axis and ____ as y-axis

A

time, mV

147
Q

EKG records…

A

overall electrical activity produced by depolarization and repolarization of all cardiac myofibers at any given time point

148
Q

EKG does not…

A
  • record AP in single cell
  • directly record electrical activity of heart
  • not a measure contraction
149
Q

EKG is used to…

A
  • infer electrical depolarization and repolarization of heart
  • record at different surface points
150
Q

Leads for EKG:

A
  • electrical connections from patient skin to recording device
  • has three electrodes: positive, negative, and ground
151
Q

Lead 1 for EKG:

A
  • left arm = positive pole

- right arm = negative pole

152
Q

Lead 2 for EKG:

A
  • left foot = positive pole

- right arm = negative pole

153
Q

Lead 3 for EKG:

A
  • left foot = positive pole

- left arm = negative pole

154
Q

EKG can provide info about…

A
  • disturbances of rhythm/conduction
  • extent, location, and progression of ischemic damage to myocardium
  • influence of drugs on electrical activity
  • relative size of chambers
  • anatomic orientation of heart
155
Q

Ischemia and EKG:

A
  • damage alters electrolyte composition
  • slows conduction through area
  • decreased electrolyte activity alters EKG recording
156
Q

Examples of types of drugs that can influence EKG:

A
  • digitalis
  • anti-arrhythmics
  • Ca2+ channel antagonists
157
Q

Mean electrical axis:

A

vector resulting from adding two of three leads

- arranged in Einthoren’s triangle

158
Q

Mean electrical axis can be altered if…

A
  • anatomical position of heart is altered

- relative mass of right and left ventricles are abnormal

159
Q

In a scalar ECG pattern, upward deflection occurs b/c of…

A

depolarization current moving toward positive electrode (positive)

160
Q

In a scalar ECG pattern, downward deflection occurs b/c of…

A

depolarizing current moving toward negative electrode (negative)

161
Q

In a scalar ECG pattern, no deflection occurs b/c when…

A
  • all are either depolarized or repolarized
  • no change
  • known as isoelectric line
162
Q

Waves in a scalar ECG pattern:

A

parts of EKG that go above or below baseline

163
Q

P wave:

A
  • 1st upward deflection

- represents atrial depolarization

164
Q

QRS complex:

A
  • group of three waves
  • Q: downward
  • R: large upward
  • S: downward
165
Q

QRS complex represents…

A

ventricular depolarization

- atrial ventricular repolarization is masked b/c it occurs during ventricular depolarization

166
Q

T wave:

A
  • 3rd upward wave

- represents ventricular depolarization

167
Q

Segments of waves:

A
  • sections of the baseline between 2 waves
168
Q

Intervals of waves:

A
  • combo of waves and segments
169
Q

P-R interval:

A
  • from onset of atrial activation to onset of ventricular activation
  • associated w/ passage through AV conduction system
170
Q

S-T interval:

A
  • entire ventricular depolarizes
171
Q

S-T segment:

A
  • lies on isoelectric line

- deviation from the line may indicate myocardial ischemic damage

172
Q

Q-T interval:

A
  • beginning of QRS to end of T wave
  • period of electrical systole of ventricles
  • varies with heart rate
173
Q

Shorter Q-T interval means…

A

faster heart rate

174
Q

R-R interval:

A

from R wave of one QRS complex to R wave in next QRS complex

- represents time between sequential ventricular contractions

175
Q

R-R interval is used to…

A

calculate heart rate

Physiology (33 decks)

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