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Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system allows organism to…

A

interact w/ external and internal environment

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2
Q

NS has two major components:

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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3
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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4
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • all nerves that enter/exit from CNS
  • 12 pairs cranial
  • 31 pairs spinal
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5
Q

CNS and PNS form 3 major divisions:

A
  • sensory
  • integrative
  • motor
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6
Q

Sensory division:

A
  • input portions of PNS/CNS

- detects changes in environment

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7
Q

Organs involved in sensory division:

A
  • sensory organs
  • thalamus
  • sensory cortices
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8
Q

Integrative division:

A
  • only CNS

- processes and stores sensory info

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9
Q

Motor division:

A
  • output from PNS/CNS

- generates movement and glandular secretions

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10
Q

Organs involved in motor division:

A
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
  • motor cortex
  • basal ganglia
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11
Q

Gray matter:

A
  • synaptic pools located on cortex (surface of cerebrum and cerebellum) and nuclei (buried clusters)
  • contains: dendrites, somas, and axon terminal
  • outside brain and inside spinal cord
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12
Q

White matter:

A
  • myelinated axons
  • inside brain and outside spinal cord
  • relays info to and from gray matter
  • organized into tracts
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13
Q

CNS gets info from…

A

PNS via interneurons and processes the info

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14
Q

CNS organizes _____ and _______

A

reflexes and other behavorial responses

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15
Q

CNS is responsible for…

A
  • cognition
  • memory
  • learning
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16
Q

T/F: CNS plans and executes voluntary movement

A

T

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17
Q

Local environment of CNS is controlled and protected by:

A
  • blood brain barrier

- neuroglia: support cells in CNS

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18
Q

Examples of neuroglia:

A
  • astrocyte: regulate ECF environment of neurons

- oligodendrocytes: support and insulate

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19
Q

Cerebrum:

A
  • 2 hemispheres w/ deep fissure between them
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20
Q

Cerebrum cortex has:

A
  • gyrus: convultions

- sulcus: shallow grooves

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21
Q

Cerebrum is separated into 4 lobes:

A
  • parietal: motor and sensory
  • frontal: thinking and personality
  • occipital: vision
  • temporal: hearing
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22
Q

What cortexes are the ultimate sites for sensory perception?

A
  • somatosensory
  • auditory
  • visual
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23
Q

What areas are responsible for language?

A
  • Wernicke’s: for speaking written words

- Broca’s: for word formation/speaking a heard word

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24
Q

What cortexes control thought initiated and precise motor operations?

A
  • primary somatic motor

- premotor

25
Q

What cortex controls personality, planning, and decision making?

A

frontal cortex

26
Q

What areas control memories and emotions?

A
  • associated with limbic system
  • limbic cortex
  • subcortical cerebral nuclei
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
27
Q

Association areas are involved in…

A

complex processing that requires integrationof different types of info

28
Q

Basal nuclei/ganglia are located…

A
  • deep in cerebral hemispheres
  • thalamus
  • brain stem
29
Q

Functions of basal nuclei/ganglia:

A
  • group of neurons
  • provides feedback to cortex for somatic motor activities (smooths out movement)
  • aids in selection and initiation of desired moevemnt and inhibits unwanted movement
30
Q

What are diseases associated with basal nuclei/ganglia?

A
  • Huntington’s chorea

- Parkinson’s disease

31
Q

Function of limbic system:

A

cognitive functions (reasoning and emotions)

32
Q

Areas associated w/ limbic system:

A
  • amygdala: emotion and memories

- hippocampus: learning and memory

33
Q

Thalamus:

A
  • all sensory info is relayed to specific nuclei here
  • sends info to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex
  • can filter/refine info transmitted to cortex
34
Q

Hypothalamus is the major link between…

A

endocrine and nervous system

35
Q

Where are the basal nuclei/ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum located in the brain?

A

part of the lower brain

36
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones that aid in…

A
  • fluid regulation
  • timing of partition (birth)
  • milk ejection
  • release of hormones from pituitary gland, which regulates growth and metabolism
37
Q

Hypothalamus controls:

A
  • appetite
  • caloric intake
  • E expenditure
38
Q

Hypothalamus regulates:

A
  • thirst

- body temp

39
Q

Hypothalamus is a major controller of:

A
  • ANS

- limbic system

40
Q

Brain stem is made of:

A
  • medulla oblongata and pons

- reticular formation

41
Q

Medulla oblongata and pons is where….

A

all sensory and motor pathways travel through

42
Q

Medulla oblongata and pons has reflex control centers that…

A

allows complex visceral control and coordination

43
Q

Medulla oblongata and pons control:

A
  • micturition (urination)
  • blood pressure
  • blood flow
  • heart rate
  • digestive secretion
  • respiration
44
Q

Reticular formation is a:

A

diffuse network of nuclei located along pons and midbrain

45
Q

Retifular formation is important in…

A
  • sleep/wake cycle

- controls level of arousal/consciousness of cerebral cortex

46
Q

Reticular formation can increase/decrease intensity of….

A
  • ascending/descending afferent signals
  • this is how it: participates in pain suppression, facilitate muscle tone, and control levels of activity of spinal reflexes
47
Q

Functions of cerebellum:

A
  • motor balance/coordination
  • gives feedback to motor systems
  • ensures smooth movement of eyes and body
48
Q

Functions of spinal cord:

A

relays afferent info from periphery to higher centers

49
Q

Where does spinal cord receive their information?

A

from higher centers that control efferent output

50
Q

Segments of the spinal cord are…

A
  • cervical (8)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (1)
51
Q

Spinal cord contains ________ circuts

A

hard wired

- basically spinal reflexes so don’t need input from higher centers

52
Q

Spinal cord is organized by…

A
  • gray matter
  • white matter
  • dorsal root/ganglion
  • ventral root
53
Q

Gray matter is at the ________ and shaped like a _______ in the spinal cord

A

center, butterfly/h shaped

54
Q

T/F: gray matter in spinal cord is not bilateral

A

F, has ventral and dorsal horns that are connected by commissure

55
Q

Gray matter in spinal cord contains…

A
  • axon terminal or primary sensor
  • neurons
  • dendrites and cell bodies of motor neurons
  • dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons of interneurons
56
Q

White matter of spinal cord is organized by…

A
  • ascending tracts: carry sensory info to higher centers

- descending tracts: carry motor info

57
Q

Dorsal root/ganglion of spinal cord is responsible for…

A

sensory input

58
Q

Ventral root of spinal cord is responsible for…

A

motor output

Physiology (33 decks)

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