Central Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous system allows organism to…
A
interact w/ external and internal environment
2
Q
NS has two major components:
A
- CNS
- PNS
3
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
- brain
- spinal cord
4
Q
What makes up the PNS?
A
- all nerves that enter/exit from CNS
- 12 pairs cranial
- 31 pairs spinal
5
Q
CNS and PNS form 3 major divisions:
A
- sensory
- integrative
- motor
6
Q
Sensory division:
A
- input portions of PNS/CNS
- detects changes in environment
7
Q
Organs involved in sensory division:
A
- sensory organs
- thalamus
- sensory cortices
8
Q
Integrative division:
A
- only CNS
- processes and stores sensory info
9
Q
Motor division:
A
- output from PNS/CNS
- generates movement and glandular secretions
10
Q
Organs involved in motor division:
A
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- motor cortex
- basal ganglia
11
Q
Gray matter:
A
- synaptic pools located on cortex (surface of cerebrum and cerebellum) and nuclei (buried clusters)
- contains: dendrites, somas, and axon terminal
- outside brain and inside spinal cord
12
Q
White matter:
A
- myelinated axons
- inside brain and outside spinal cord
- relays info to and from gray matter
- organized into tracts
13
Q
CNS gets info from…
A
PNS via interneurons and processes the info
14
Q
CNS organizes _____ and _______
A
reflexes and other behavorial responses
15
Q
CNS is responsible for…
A
- cognition
- memory
- learning
16
Q
T/F: CNS plans and executes voluntary movement
A
T
17
Q
Local environment of CNS is controlled and protected by:
A
- blood brain barrier
- neuroglia: support cells in CNS
18
Q
Examples of neuroglia:
A
- astrocyte: regulate ECF environment of neurons
- oligodendrocytes: support and insulate
19
Q
Cerebrum:
A
- 2 hemispheres w/ deep fissure between them
20
Q
Cerebrum cortex has:
A
- gyrus: convultions
- sulcus: shallow grooves
21
Q
Cerebrum is separated into 4 lobes:
A
- parietal: motor and sensory
- frontal: thinking and personality
- occipital: vision
- temporal: hearing
22
Q
What cortexes are the ultimate sites for sensory perception?
A
- somatosensory
- auditory
- visual
23
Q
What areas are responsible for language?
A
- Wernicke’s: for speaking written words
- Broca’s: for word formation/speaking a heard word
24
Q
What cortexes control thought initiated and precise motor operations?
A
- primary somatic motor
- premotor
25
What cortex controls personality, planning, and decision making?
frontal cortex
26
What areas control memories and emotions?
- associated with limbic system
- limbic cortex
- subcortical cerebral nuclei
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
27
Association areas are involved in...
complex processing that requires integrationof different types of info
28
Basal nuclei/ganglia are located...
- deep in cerebral hemispheres
- thalamus
- brain stem
29
Functions of basal nuclei/ganglia:
- group of neurons
- provides feedback to cortex for somatic motor activities (smooths out movement)
- aids in selection and initiation of desired moevemnt and inhibits unwanted movement
30
What are diseases associated with basal nuclei/ganglia?
- Huntington's chorea
| - Parkinson's disease
31
Function of limbic system:
cognitive functions (reasoning and emotions)
32
Areas associated w/ limbic system:
- amygdala: emotion and memories
| - hippocampus: learning and memory
33
Thalamus:
- all sensory info is relayed to specific nuclei here
- sends info to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex
- can filter/refine info transmitted to cortex
34
Hypothalamus is the major link between...
endocrine and nervous system
35
Where are the basal nuclei/ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum located in the brain?
part of the lower brain
36
Hypothalamus produces hormones that aid in...
- fluid regulation
- timing of partition (birth)
- milk ejection
- release of hormones from pituitary gland, which regulates growth and metabolism
37
Hypothalamus controls:
- appetite
- caloric intake
- E expenditure
38
Hypothalamus regulates:
- thirst
| - body temp
39
Hypothalamus is a major controller of:
- ANS
| - limbic system
40
Brain stem is made of:
- medulla oblongata and pons
| - reticular formation
41
Medulla oblongata and pons is where....
all sensory and motor pathways travel through
42
Medulla oblongata and pons has reflex control centers that...
allows complex visceral control and coordination
43
Medulla oblongata and pons control:
- micturition (urination)
- blood pressure
- blood flow
- heart rate
- digestive secretion
- respiration
44
Reticular formation is a:
diffuse network of nuclei located along pons and midbrain
45
Retifular formation is important in...
- sleep/wake cycle
| - controls level of arousal/consciousness of cerebral cortex
46
Reticular formation can increase/decrease intensity of....
- ascending/descending afferent signals
- this is how it: participates in pain suppression, facilitate muscle tone, and control levels of activity of spinal reflexes
47
Functions of cerebellum:
- motor balance/coordination
- gives feedback to motor systems
- ensures smooth movement of eyes and body
48
Functions of spinal cord:
relays afferent info from periphery to higher centers
49
Where does spinal cord receive their information?
from higher centers that control efferent output
50
Segments of the spinal cord are...
- cervical (8)
- thoracic (12)
- lumbar (5)
- sacral (5)
- coccygeal (1)
51
Spinal cord contains ________ circuts
hard wired
| - basically spinal reflexes so don't need input from higher centers
52
Spinal cord is organized by...
- gray matter
- white matter
- dorsal root/ganglion
- ventral root
53
Gray matter is at the ________ and shaped like a _______ in the spinal cord
center, butterfly/h shaped
54
T/F: gray matter in spinal cord is not bilateral
F, has ventral and dorsal horns that are connected by commissure
55
Gray matter in spinal cord contains...
- axon terminal or primary sensor
- neurons
- dendrites and cell bodies of motor neurons
- dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons of interneurons
56
White matter of spinal cord is organized by...
- ascending tracts: carry sensory info to higher centers
| - descending tracts: carry motor info
57
Dorsal root/ganglion of spinal cord is responsible for...
sensory input
58
Ventral root of spinal cord is responsible for...
motor output
