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Physiology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

5 main types of blood vessels:

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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2
Q

Arteries:

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • pressure reservoir
  • large radius, which leads to little resistance to blood flow
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3
Q

Arterioles:

A
  • deliver blood to capillaries
  • known as resistance vessels
  • regulate distribution of cardiac output
  • produce rapid decrease in pressure
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4
Q

Arterioles create resistance by…

A

changing the diameter

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5
Q

Large arteries branch off into…

A

smaller vessels like arterioles

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6
Q

CT for arteries has…

A
  • collagen fibers: provide tensile strength

- elastin fibers: provide elasticity to arterial walls

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7
Q

Arterioles don’t have…

A

elastic and fibrous tissue

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8
Q

Arterioles are made up of…

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

Arterioles are the main contributors to…

A

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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10
Q

Capillaries:

A
  • site of nutrient exchange
  • has thin and porous walls
  • form beds at tissues
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11
Q

Flow of capillaries is controlled by…

A
  • metarteriole

- precapillary sphincters

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12
Q

Continuous capillaries are made of…

A

plasma membrane of cells w/ intercellular clefts

- most abundant

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13
Q

Continuous capillaries are permeable to…

A
  • h2o
  • glucose
  • small solutes
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14
Q

Different types of capillaries:

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoids
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15
Q

Fenestrated capillaries:

A
  • have pores (fenestrations)

- more permeable than continuous

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16
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in…

A
  • kidneys
  • small intestines
  • endocrine organ
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17
Q

Sinusoids:

A
  • wider and more winding
  • has unusually large fenestrations
  • allows movement of large substances
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18
Q

Layers in the blood vessels dictate…

A

function

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19
Q

Layers of blood vessels:

A
  • endothelium
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
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20
Q

Function of endothelium:

A
  • thin layer of epi cells supported by basal lamina that are innermost
  • provide physical barrier and other vascular functions
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21
Q

Function of smooth muscle:

A

controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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22
Q

Function of CT:

A
  • elastic: allows for blood vessels to stretch

- fibrous: provides blood vessel with tensile strength

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23
Q

Function of venules:

A

drain blood from capillaries

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24
Q

Function of veins:

A
  • carry blood back to heart

- aided by valves and pumps (skeletal and respiratory)

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25
Q

Venules and veins function as…

A

blood volume reservoirs

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26
Q

Capillaries are also known as…

A

tunica intima

  • low pressure
  • built for exchange
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27
Q

Capillaries in the kidney, intestine, liver, and bone marrow:

A
  • large pores
  • unlimited exchange
  • fenestrated capillaries
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28
Q

Capillaries in cardiac and skeletal muscle:

A
  • small pores

- limited exchange

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29
Q

Capillaries in brain:

A
  • no pores
  • blocks entry of many small molecules
  • has blood brain barrier
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30
Q

Tissues that don’t have capillary beds:

A
  • bone marrow
  • liver
  • spleen
  • they will have sinusoids instead
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31
Q

Capillary bed is arranged for…

A

max exposure of tissues to blood for max exchange of nutrients and waste
- parallel arrangement

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32
Q

Precapillary sphincter guards…

A

entrance to capillaries

  • regulates blood entry via myogenic control
  • determined by metabolic state of capillary bed
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33
Q

Capillary bed is made up of…

A
  • metarterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules/veins
  • surrounded by pericytes
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34
Q

Capillary density in capillary beds:

A
  • high in metabolically active tissues

- low in metabolically inactive tissues

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35
Q

Examples of metabolically active tissues:

A
  • cardiac
  • skeletal
  • glandular
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36
Q

Examples of metabolically inactive tissues:

A
  • subcutaneous tissue

- cartilage

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37
Q

Microcirculation/nutritional flow:

A
  • blood flow within capillary

- dependent on contractile state of arteriole feeding the capillaries

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38
Q

Capillary beds are able to withstand…

A

large internal pressure

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39
Q

Function of pericytes:

A
  • decreases the size of filtration slits

- tightens capillary beds

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40
Q

Two ways blood can flow w/ capillary beds:

A
  • flow to capillary beds: regulated by arterioles

- flow through capillary beds

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41
Q

Flow to capillary bed sets the…

A

basal (resting) vascular tone

- generally smooth muscle are partially contracted

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42
Q

Decrease in basal vascular tone leads to…

A
  • decrease in resistance

- increase in diameter and flow

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43
Q

Increase in basal vascular tone leads to…

A
  • increase in resistance

- decrease in diameter and flow

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44
Q

Flow to capillary bed can be altered by:

A

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

- neural and local control

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45
Q

Neural control dominates:

A

skin and splanchnic

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46
Q

Local control dominates:

A

heart, brain, and skeletal muscle

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47
Q

Flow through capillary beds is regulated by:

A

oncotic and hydrostatic pressure

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48
Q

Examples of passive exchange in capillary endothelium:

A
  • diffusion
  • bulk flow
  • vesicular transport
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49
Q

Diffusion:

A
  • most important
  • movement across and between endo cells
  • solubility is major factor for movement
50
Q

Diffusion follows what law?

A

Flick’s

51
Q

Diffusion of nonlipid soluble substances:

A
  • can’t pass through membrane
  • restricted to pores
  • ex: nutrients and fluid
52
Q

Small nonlipid soluble substances and diffusion:

A
  • flow limited: goes as fast as blood arrives

- increased diffusion distance means that diffusion is limited

53
Q

Large nonlipid soluble substances are transported via…

A

transcytosis

  • pore size restricts diffusion
  • minimal movement when MW is big
54
Q

Diffusion of lipid soluble substances:

A
  • materials are soluble in membrane
  • occurs all over membrane, so not limited to pores
  • has greater SA for exchange
  • rate depends on solubility of substance
55
Q

Bulk flow (filtration):

A
  • not as important as diffusion
  • moves large volumes of solutes through endothelium pores in response to pressure gradient
  • same direction
  • uses starling forces
56
Q

What is unfiltered via bulk flow returns to…

A

vascular system via lymph

57
Q

What is filtered via bulk flow is reabsorbed in…

A

capillaries and venules

58
Q

Permeability of capillary membrane in bulk flow varies w/…

A
  • # and size of pores

- location: venous ends are more porous and permeable than arterial end

59
Q

Starling forces:

A

sum of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure across membrane

- determines direction and magnitude of h2o movement

60
Q

Hydrostatic pressure:

A
  • fluid pressure w/in capillary (Pc)
  • principle force in capillary filtration
  • varies in tissues and body position
  • push
61
Q

Hydrostatic pressure depends on arterial and venous…

A
  • pressure

- resistance

62
Q

Increase in arterial and venous pressure leads to…

A

increase in hydrostatic pressure

63
Q

Increase in arterial resistance leads to…

A

decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

Decrease in arterial resistance leads to…

A

increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

65
Q

Difference in hydrostatic pressure between tissues is due to…

A

resistance and loss of fluid

66
Q

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi):

A
  • opposes capillary filtration
  • usually close to 0
  • rises w/ edema
67
Q

Osmotic forces:

A
  • key factor that limits fluid loss from capillaries
  • pull
  • due to colloid osmotic pressure
  • oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure of plasma membrane
68
Q

Positive sum of starling force equation:

A

filtration occurs

- usually at arterial end

69
Q

Negative sum of starling force equation:

A

absorption occurs

- usually at venous end

70
Q

Renal glomerus filters/absorbs

A

filters

71
Q

Intestinal mucosa filters/absorbs

A

absorb

72
Q

Transcytosis:

A
  • moves substance w/in tiny vesicles
  • transfers across capillary endothelium cells by endocytosis and exocytosis
  • spends ATP
  • important for large NLS molec
73
Q

Venous system returns…

A

blood from tissues

- valves prevent backflow

74
Q

Venous system is a…

A

low pressure system

  • has to be lower than capillary or blood won’t flow
  • decreases hydrostatic pressure
  • responsible for preload
75
Q

In the venous system, the pressure in the right atrium has to be…

A

lowest otherwise blood won’t return to heart

76
Q

Venous system has a high…

A

compliance, which leads to low resistance

- varies with body position

77
Q

Veins in the lower limbs are…

A

thicker and less compliant than those above the heart

78
Q

Venous system is a reservoir that contains…

A

up to 70% of blood vessels

- has capacitance vessels

79
Q

What causes variations in venous return?

A
  • venomotor tone
  • respiratory activity
  • orthostatic stress
  • muscle pump
80
Q

Venomotor tone:

A
  • controlled by basal SNS output

- usually low so it can hold greater amount of volume

81
Q

Increase in venomotor tone leads to…

A

greater volume of blood is moved toward heart

82
Q

Respiratory activity is when…

A

diaphragm generates negative inter-thoracic pressure

83
Q

Respiratory activity facilitates…

A

return of blood toward heart by pulling blood into thoracic cavity

84
Q

Orthostatic stress:

A
  • gravity or posture change

- ex: standing up leads to increased pressure in veins of lower legs

85
Q

Muscle pump and one way valves:

A
  • exercise leads to low venous pressure in legs b/c of pressure exerted by leg muscles
86
Q

Contracting leg muscles…

A
  • push veins against bones
  • blood forced toward heart
  • valves prevent backflow
87
Q

Structure of lymphatic system:

A
  • widely distributed network of closed-ended lymph capillaries
  • no delivery system
  • single layer endo cells w/ no tight junctions
  • fine filaments anchor lymph vessels to surrounding CT
  • extensive series of one way valves
88
Q

Function of lymphatic system:

A
  • maintain blood volume
  • transports dietary fat and fat soluble vitamins from GI system
  • conducts immune surveillance
89
Q

Lymphatic system maintains blood volume by…

A

returning ISF fluid that leaked out of capillaries back to veins

90
Q

Lymph vessels pass through…

A

lymph nodes

91
Q

Lymphatic system is packed with…

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes, which help recognize foreign material

92
Q

Lymph:

A

fluid that enters lymphatic vessels

- same fluid after it becomes ECF and lymph again, just with different substances in it

93
Q

Lymph travels through…

A

blood vessels -> filtered into tissue bed by hydrostatic pressure (ECF) -> picked up by bind end lymph capillaries (lymph)

94
Q

Lymphatic capillaries drain into…

A

lymphatic vessels and then ducts

95
Q

Lymphatic system returns fluid back to…

A 
large veins (ex: subclavian) close to the heart
- aided by skeletal muscle
96
Q

When transport of the lymphatic system is overwhelmed or when lymphatic vessels are blocked, it leads to…

A

fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema)

97
Q

Failure of the lymphatic vessels occurs b/c of…

A
  • increased hydrostatic and venous P and interstitial protein
  • decreased plasma protein [ ]
98
Q

Distribution of lymphatics is extensive in the…

A

GI and lungs

99
Q

No distribution of lymphatics in…

A
  • bone
  • epithelia
  • tissues of CNS
100
Q

Resistance of blood flow to organs increases as…

A
  • radius of vessels decrease
  • length of vessels increase
  • viscosity of blood increase
101
Q

Blood flow of the organ at rest is based on…

A

metabolic activity of organ

102
Q

Blood flow of the organ during stress is…

A

reduced for most organs

103
Q

Vascular tone is the partial contraction of…

A

arteriole smooth muscle

- baseline for constriction and dilation

104
Q

Vascular tone can be changed by:

A 
intrinsic factors:
- physical changes
- local mediators
- hyperemia
extrinsic factors:
- nerves
- hormones
105
Q

Cardiac output (CO):

A
  • very sensitive to changes in end diastolic volume (EDV)
106
Q

Ideal cardiac output:

A

amount leaving heart = amount coming to heart

107
Q

Factors that affect ventricular return:

A
  • starting cardiac output
  • total blood volume
  • vasomotor tone
  • distribution of blood within vascular system
  • resistance to ventricular return
108
Q

At rest, the metabolic demand for the body is…

A

low

- blood sits in spleen and veins

109
Q

During high metabolic demand in the body…

A

blood from spleen and veins are mobilized

  • ventricular return rises
  • cardiac output increases
110
Q

Cardiovascular reflexes:

A
  • adjust flow to meet immediate demand

- monitors conditions in specific locations in cardiovascular system

111
Q

Control mechanisms of blood flow:

A
  • systemic

- changes cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

112
Q

Cardiovascular reflex center:

A
  • located in medulla oblongata
  • gets input from peripheral baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and hypothalamus
  • output is ANS to heart and blood vessels
113
Q

Cardiovascular reflex center outputs via…

A

changes in PNS and SNS to heart and blood vessels

114
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

provides behavioral and thermal input to CV center

  • increase of SNS leads to decrease of PNS
  • increase HR, SV = venoconstriction that increase VR / vasoconstriction that increases TPR and MAP
115
Q

Thermal input comes from…

A

thermoreceptors in skin and blood perfusing hypothalamus

116
Q

For thermal input, SNS output to peripheral blood vessels of skin lead to…

A

redistribution of blood flow

117
Q

Cold thermal input leads to…

A

increased SNS output to skin

  • constricts surface vessels
  • reduce flow and limit heat loss
118
Q

Warm thermal input leads to…

A

decreased SNS output to skin

- surface vessels dilate increasing surface flow and promoting heat loss

119
Q

Arterial baroreceptors are located in…

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

120
Q

Arterial baroreceptors: increased MAP leads to…

A
  • increased pressure on vessel wall
  • increased vascular stretch and deformation
  • eventually leads to firing
121
Q

Changes in output from CV center in response to…

A
  • hypothalamic input

- change in firing of baroreceptors, peripheral and chemical chemoreceptors

Physiology (33 decks)

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