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paper 1 pe > structure of heart > Flashcards

structure of heart Flashcards

1
Q

what splits up heart into two

A

muscular wall septum

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2
Q

charactertistics of atriums

A

thinner muscular walls than ventircles as only ahve to push blood down to ventricles

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3
Q

charactersutics of ventricles

A

thicker muscular walls as need greater force of contraction to push blood out of heart

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4
Q

what does the right side of heart do

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

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5
Q

what does left side of the heart do

A

pumps blood all around body so much larger

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6
Q

blood vessels of heart

A

vena cava-brings deoxygenated blood back to right atrium
pulmonery artery-takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

study tip: VAPA

pulmonery vein-brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium
aarota-takes oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body
study tip: PVA glue

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7
Q

what do valves do

A

assure blood flows in only 1 direction

prevent blood backflow

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8
Q

names of two valves in heart and their location

A

tricuspid valve-between rigth atrium and ventircle

bicuspid valve-between left atrium and left ventricle

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9
Q

cardiac conduction system 4 parts

A

sa node
av node
bundle of his
punjkji fibres

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10
Q

what does the cardiac conduction system do

A

group of cells located in wall of heart which send elctrical impulses to the cardiac muscle causing it to contract

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11
Q

sa node

A

pacemaker
heart muscle described as myogenic as starts the beat itself (self regulating)
with electical signal in SA node (sinoatrial node)
signal speads through heart in wave of excitation
impulse spreads through walls of atria, causing them to contract and forcing blood to ventricles

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12
Q

AV node

A

delays the transmission of cardiac umpluse for approximaelty 0.1 seconds to allow atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins

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13
Q

bundle of his

A

then pass through fibres which form the bundle of his
located in septum, seperate the ventricles into two

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14
Q

punkji fibres

A

bundle of his then branches out into two bundle branches and then moves into smaller bundles called punkji fibres
spread throughout ventricles causing them to contract

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15
Q

av node

A

delays the transmission of cardiac impulse by 0.1 secs to allow atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins

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16
Q

bundle of his

A

located in septum
branches out into two bundles and then moves into smaller bundles (punkji fibres)

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17
Q

punkji fibres

A

spread throughout ventricles causing them to fully contract

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18
Q

sympathic nervous system

A

stimulates heart to beat faster

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19
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns heart rate back to resting level

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20
Q

what 2 systems are nervous sytem made up of

A

central nervous sytem-bain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous sytem-cells which transmit info to and from CNS

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21
Q

medualla oblagata

A

contains CCc (CARDIAC CONTROL CENTRE) which is stimulated by chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proporioreceptors

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22
Q

chemorecetors

A

sense chemical changes
excercise, detect increase in CO2
co2 import in controlling HR
increase in concetration of c02, stimulates sympathetic nervous system, increases heart to beat faster (HR)

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23
Q

baroreceptors

A

sense changes in blood pressure
establish a set point for blood pressure
any increase or decrease from set point, signal to meduall in brain
increase in artieral pressure, increase in stretch of baroreceptors, decrease in heart rate

decrease in arterial pressure, decrease in stretch of barorecpetors, increase in HR

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24
Q

proprioreceptors

A

decect changes in muscle movemebt
start of execise, decet increasse in muscle movement
send signal to medulla
sends signal through sympathiec nervous sytem
to SAN to increase HR

signals parasyapthic nervous sytem, HR decreases

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25
Q

homronal control mechanism

A

release of adrenaline
stimulaes sa node
increase in both speed and force of contraction
increases cardiac ouput
more blood pumped out to working muscles so can recieve more oxygen

26
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of heart ventricles per contraction

27
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returning back to heart via the veins

28
Q

what does SV depend on

A

venous return-if venous return increases so does sv, more blood entering the heart, more blood leaving geart

elasticity of the cardiac fibres-about starlings law
greater the stretch of cariac muscle, greater the force of contacrtion, greater the force of contactiom increase ejection fraction

29
Q

disatole phase

A

heart relaxes to fill up with blood

30
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood pumped out of left ventricles per beat

31
Q

starlings law

A

increased venous return, greater diastolic filling phase, cardiac muscle stretched, more force of contraction, increased ejection fraction

32
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood leaving heart venticles per minute

33
Q

how do you work out cardiac ouput

A

SV times HR

34
Q

how do you figre out max heart rate

A

220-age

35
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

heart gets bigger and stronger

36
Q

bradycardia

A

decrease in resting heart rate bwloe 60 bpm

37
Q

what is the relationshi between cardiac output and increase in exercise

A

increase in exercice, causes increase in hr, therefore sv, therefore cardiac ouput

38
Q

what is the response of SV to exercise

A

increases as exercise intensity increases
only up to 40-60% max effort
then it plateus
this is sue to shorter diastolicc philling phase, so ventricles do not have as much time to fill up with blood so can not pump as much out

39
Q

how does CHD happen

A

conaray heart disease
caused by conaray crteries, supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood, become blocked or start to narrow due to build up of fatty depositts-process called atherosclerosis
fatty deposits are called atheroma

40
Q

what causes artherscelorisis

A

smoking
lack of exercise
high levels of cholestrol

41
Q

what is the pain and discomfot called

A

agina
happens due to conoary anteries nt being able t deliver enough oxygen to heart causing pain and discomfort

42
Q

what happens if fatty deposit breaks off

A

can cause a blood clot
results in blockage forming and cut off oxygenated blood getting to heart
can cause Heat attack

43
Q

what are the two types of cholestrol

A

LDL-classed as bad cholestral link t heart disease

HDL-good cholestral as reduce risk of heart disease

44
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

gradual increase in HR even tho intensity stays the same

occurs during prolgonged exercise (over 10 minutes)
warm conditions

45
Q

how does carsdiovascaulr druft take place

A

due to sweat
portion of lost fluid volume comes from plasma volume

decrease in plasma volume reduces SV and venous return

heart trate increasses to compensate and maintain cardiac output
to attempt to create energy to cool body down

to minimmise cardiovascaulr dift, important to maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise

46
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to right side of heart via the vena cava

47
Q

what are the 3 venous return mechnisms

A

skeletal muscle pump
repiratory pump
pocket valves

48
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

when muscles contract and relax, change shape

change in shape means muscles press on neraby veins causing pumping efefct and squeezing blood back to heart

49
Q

repsiratory pump

A

when muscles contract and relax, pressure chnages

changes in pressure press nearby veins, causing blood to push back to heart

50
Q

pocket valves

A

prevent blood backflow
assure blood flows in one direction
therefore, more blood back to heart

51
Q

impact of blood pressure on venous return

A

when systolic pressure increases so does venous return

when systolic pressure decreases so does venous return

52
Q

transportation of oxygen in capilleries

A

dissolves in capilleris
3 perectn dissolve into plasma
97% combine with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

53
Q

transportaion of oxygen in tissues

A

oxygen released form oxyhaemoglin due to lower pressure there (oxyhemoglobin dissociation)

54
Q

transwporation of oxygen in muscles

A

oxygen stored in myglobin
higher affinity for oxygen and stores oxygen for mitochrondiea
where aerobic repsiration takes place

55
Q

what is the bohr shift

A

s shape curve shifts to the right
when there is an increase in blood carbon dixoxide, decrease in PH results in a reduction in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

56
Q

what is vascualr shunt mechnism

A

redistirbtuion of blood flow to areas where it is most needed

known also as shunting

57
Q

why should perfomers not eat less than an hour before comp

A

as blood will be distributed towards stomach rather than working muscles

58
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capilleries

59
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow into the capilleries

60
Q

what is the VO2 difference

A

difference in the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous return leaving the muscles

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