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cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the bodys transport system
includes heart and blood vessels
delivers oxygen to working muscles
transports heat to skin so performer can cool down

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2
Q

what divides heart into 2 parts

A

muscular wall called the septum
each part contains two chambers(atrium and ventricles)

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3
Q

characteristics of atriums

A

ped out of heart ventricles per minute
equal to stroke volume times HR

86
Q
how do you calculate max HR

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A
220-age

87
Q
what is cardiac hypertrophy

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A
where cardiac muscle beomes bigger and stronger

88
Q
what is bradycardia

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A
decrease in resting HR

89
Q
cardiac output in response to exercise

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A
increases as well as stroke volume and heart rate
but only to max intensity
then plateaus

90
Q
stroke volume in response to exercise

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A
increases till about 40-60% intensity then plateaus
ventricles do not have as much time to fill up with blood so cant pump as much out

91
Q
when is conory heart diseased caused

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A
occurs when conoary heart arteries are blocked or built up with fatty deposits-process called atheroscelerosis

92
Q
what are the fatty deposits called

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A
atheroma

93
Q
what do your conary arteries do

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A
supply heart with oxygenated blood

94
Q
what is the process of conrary arteries being blocked or narrowed by fatty deposits

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A
atherosclerosis

95
Q
what are things that can casue conary heart disease

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A
high chlosterol levels
lack of exercise
smoking

96
Q
what is angina

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A
when blockage of conary arteries causes discomfort

97
Q
what can cause a blood clot

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A
if arthermona (fatty deposit) breaks up in conary artery
can cut of supply of oxygen to blood causing heart attack

98
Q
blood pressure

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A
force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall

99
Q
two types of chloestrol

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A
HDL-high denisty lipoproteins
known as good chlosterol as lower risk of HR
LDL-low density lipoproteins
bad chlosetrol as increase risk of heart disease

100
Q
what is a stroke

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A
when blood supply to part of brain is cut off

101
Q
cardiovascular drift

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A
idea that at a steady, HR doesnt stay the same but slowly climbs
this is cardiovascular drift
progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, but progressive increase in HR

102
Q
what is the vascular system made up of

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A
blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to body and take away waste products e.g carbon dioxide

103
Q
what are the two types of circulation

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A
pulmonery-
systemic

104
Q
what are the five different blood vessels in the vascular system that carry blood around body then transport it back to heart

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A
heart
arteries
arterioles
cappilaries
venules
veins
heart

105
Q
charcateristics of veins

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A
contain valves-prevent chnage in blood direction, close to keep blood flowing in one direction
thin walls
blood at low pressure

106
Q
charcteristics of arteries

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A
high blood pressure
smaller lumen

107
Q
characteristics of capilleries

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A
only wide enough to fit one blood cell through
one cell thick

108
Q
venous return

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A
return of blood to right side of heart via the vena cava
during exercise, venous return increases

109
Q
what are the three venous return mechanisms
RSP

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A
skeltal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

110
Q
skeletal muscle pump

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A
when msucles contract and relax, chnage shape
muscles press on nearby veins
causing pumping effect
squeeze blood towards heart

111
Q
respiratory pump

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A
muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out
pressure chnages in chest and abdominals causing compression against nearby veins
assist blood back to heart

112
Q
pocket valves

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A
assure blood flows in one direction and doesn’t change direction
open and close to let blood flow and prevent blood backflow

113
Q
when do the mechanisms need to be working

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A
during exercise as too much oxygen to meet demand and suring active cool down
prvent blood pooling

114
Q
what is blood pooling

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A
collection of blood in veins

115
Q
what happens to oxygen during exercise where does it go

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A
3% dissolves into plasma
97% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

116
Q
what does oxygen and haemoglobin make

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A
oxyhameoglobin

117
Q
what happens to oxygen at tissues

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A
oxygen is released from oxyhameoglobin reffered to as oxyhameoglobin dissociation

118
Q
what is shunting

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A
redistribution of blood to working muscles

119
Q
why should we eat at least 1 hour before exercise

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A
as full gut will mean blood is directed to the stomach rather then the working muscles

120
Q
control of blood flow

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A
exercise
detected by chemorecpetors which detect co2 levels
stimulate medualla
redistribute blood flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

121
Q
what is vasoconstriction

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A
narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow into capilleries

122
Q
what is vasodilation

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A
widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow in capillaries

123
Q
what happens to oxygen during vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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A
more oxygen needed at working msucles
vasodilation wll occur at needed muscles
vasodilation will occur to muscles not being used intestines and liver

124
Q
stroke volume

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A
volume of blood leaving heart per beat

125
Q
cardiac output

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A
volume of blood leaving heart per minute
calculated by stroke volume times heart rate

126
Q
expiratory reserve volume

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A
volume of air expired after normal breath

127
Q
residual volume

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A
volume of air that remains in lungs even after expiratory reserve volume

128
Q
minute ventilation

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A
volume of air breathed in or out of lungs per minute
tidal volume times breathing frequency

129
Q
sub max

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A
supply of 02 can meet demand
02 deficit repaid
steady state
aerobic

130
Q
max

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A
supply of 02 can not meet demand
HR continues to increase
until lactate threshold is reached
for anaerobic exercise

131
Q
charactersics of atria

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A
smaller then venetricles
onl have to push blood down to the ventricles

doesnt require much force so thin muscular walls

132
Q
charcterstics of ventricles

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A
thicker msuclar walls as have to contract and push blood all of the way out of the heart

requires more force so thicker walls

133
Q
which side is bigger of the heart

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A

max-mountain
for sprints

163
Q
cardiac hypertrophy

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A
where cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger
happens when regualr aerobic training takes place

164
Q
3 main things to think

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A
SV
HR
CQ

165
Q
bradycardia

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A
reduction in H

166
Q
cardiac output in response to exercise

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A
during exercise, huge increase in CQ due to increase in HR and increase in SV

Increase as intensity increases but only till max intensity is reached, the plateaus

at rest, cariadc output stays the same

MAX cardiac output changes

167
Q
Sv in response to exercise

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A
SV increases as intensity increases
only case up to 40-60% effort
once hit this point, SV plateaus
ventricles do not have as long to fill up with blood

168
Q
why does heart disease take place

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A
conoary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood
become blocked or narrowed by build up of fatty deposits
proccess is called atherosclerosis

169
Q
what are the fatty deposits called

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A
atheroma

170
Q
what can cause artheroscerlosis

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A
lack of exercise
smoking
high levels of chloestrol

171
Q
what happens when conorary arteries become narrow

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A
cannot deliver as much oxgen to heart
pain occurs

172
Q
what is the pain called from atherscerlosis

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A
agina

173
Q
what causes a blood clot

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A
piece of fatty acid breaks off in conorary artery. results in blockage forming
cut off supply of oxygenated blood to ehart muscle
result in heart attack

174
Q
what is the impact of increased blood pressure

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A
puts strain on arteries
left untreated, increase risk of heart attacj
regular exercise can reduce blood pressue

175
Q
what are the two types of cholestrol

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A
HDL-bad cholestrol
links to increased risk of heart disease

LDL-good cholestrol
lowers risk of heart disease

176
Q
stroke

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A
blood supply to brain is cut off

177
Q
heart disease

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A
blood supply to heart muscle cut off

178
Q
cardiovascualr drift

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A
steady state when HR should stay the same but instead slowly rises

progressive decrease in SV and blood pressure with increase in HR
when we sweat, portion of this fluid is from plasma volume
decrease in plasma volume, reduces sv and venous return
Hr increases to maintain CQ to create more energy to cool body down

179
Q
venous return

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A
return of blood back to heart via the veins

180
Q
venous return mechanisms

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A
skeltal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

sally reads purposelly

181
Q
skeltal muscle pump

Study These Flashcards
A
when msucles contract and relax, xhnage shape
this chnage in shape means muscles ress on nearby veins
causing pumping effect
squeeze blood towards heart

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4
Q

which side (left or right) of the heart is larger and why

A

left side as needs to pump blood all around body

right side only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs which are close to heart

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5
Q

blood vessels that return to heart

A

vena cava-brings deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

pulmonary vein-brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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6
Q

blood vessels that leave heart

A

pulmonary artery-leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs

aorta-leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood to rest of body

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7
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

group of specialised cells that send electrical impulses to cardiac muscle

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8
Q

myogenic

A

heart generates its own impulses

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9
Q

what are the names of the 4 stages of the cardiac conduction system

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of HIS
punkji fibres

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10
Q

what does the cardiac conduction system first do

A

sends electrical signal in the SA node (pacemaker(

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11
Q

SA node

A

electrical impulse spreads through the heart

impulse spreads through walls of atria causing them to contract and force blood into ventricles

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12
Q

AV node

A

found in septum

delays transmission of cardiac impulse for approximately 0.1 seconds allowing atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins

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13
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

located in septum

moves into smaller bundles called punkji fibres

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14
Q

punkji fibres

A

spread throughout ventricles causing them to contract

ventricular systole takes place

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15
Q

what are the 3 receptors

A

baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
proprioreceptors

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16
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

stimulus heart to beat faster

17
Q

what does parasympathetic nervous system do

A

returns heart to resting level

18
Q

what is nervous system made up of

A

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

peripheral nervous system (consists of nerve cells that transmit info to and from CNS)

19
Q

what are the two systems (CNS and peripheral( coordinated by

A

CCC
cardiac conduction system

located in medically oblaga in brain

stimulated by 3 receptors (chemo, baro, proprioreceptors)

20
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes

during exercise detect change in c02

c02 good at controlling HR

more concentrated c02 is, will stimulate sympathetic nervous system which increases HR

21
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure

establish set point for blood pressure

if increase or decrease from set point, send signal to medulla oblagata (CCC)

increase in arterial pressure, increase in stretch of baroreceptors, decrease in HR

decrease in arterial pressure, reduced stretch of baroreceptors, increase in HR

22
Q

proprioreceptors

A

detect movement

located in muscles and tendons

send signal to medulla

send impulse to sympathetic nervous system to SA to increase HR

23
Q

what is hormonal control

A

release of adrenaline during exercise

adrenaline stimulates SA bode

increases speed and force of contraction

increases cardiac output

results in more blood being pumped to working muscles so they receive more oxygen for energy needed

24
Q

what is adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by sympathetic nerves during exercise

25
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline

A

stress hormone

26
Q

what are the names of the 3 venous return mechanisms

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

27
Q

what is venous return

A

return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

28
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

muscles contract and relax

relax and change shape

change in shape means muscles press on nearby veins

cause pumping effect

squeeze blood back towards heart

29
Q

respiratory pump

A

muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out exercises

pressure changes

changes in pressure compresses nearby veins

assisting blood back to heart

30
Q

pocket valves

A

open and close to prevent blood back flow

assure blood in veins only flows in one direction

31
Q

transportation of oxygen in capillaries

A

oxygen diffuses into capillaries

3 percent dissolves into plasma

97 percent combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhameoglobin

when fully saturated, haemoglobin carry four oxygen molecules

32
Q

transportation of oxygen in tissues

A

oxygen is released form haemoglobin due to lower pressure of oxygen there

release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin= oxyhameoglobin dissociation curve

33
Q

transportation of oxygen in muscle

A

oxygen stores by myoglobin

has high affinity for oxygen and will store oxygen for mitochondria until used by muscles

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