skill acqualisation Flashcards
characteristics of skill
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
what is a skill
learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
open and closed skills
open skill-when sporting environment is unpredictable and changes frequently
closed skill- a skill performed in predictable environment
can easily be repeated
fewer decisions to make
gross and fine skills
gross skill-skill performed using large muscle groups
e.g shoulder muscles
fine skill-skill that uses smaller muscle groups
requires control and precision
sport examples of gross and fine skill
gross-rugby tackle
fine-darts
self paced and externally paced skills
self paced-performer has control over speed and start of performance
externally paced-performer has no control over start and speed of skill
sporting examples of self paced and externally paced skills
self paced- taking a penalty
externally paced- runner running from sound of gun
discrete contrinous and serial skills
discrete-clear beginning and end
one sharp action
continuous skill-no clear beginning and end
often end of sub routine of skill is start of the next part
serial skill-skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make continuous movement
example of discrete continuous and serial skills
discrete-tennis serve as sharp action
continuous-cycle
action of pedalling can be repeated continuously until task completed
serial skill-gymnastics,dance or trampolining routines
high and low organised skills
low organised skill-skill easily broken down
highly organised skill-skill not easily broken down into parts
sporting examples of low and high organised skills
low-swimming stroke because arm action can easily be identified and practised separately
high-tennis serve
quick action can not be easily broken down
simple and complex skills
simple skill-skill that requires fee decisions when being performed
complex skill-skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
sporting examples of simple and complex skills
simple-front roll
complex-dribble i’m hockey
what are the names of the 4 types of transfer of learning
postive
negative
zero
bilateral
positive transfer definition and sporting example
learning of one skill aids/helps the learning of another
e.g shooting in netball helps shooting in basketball
passing in netball helps passing in basketball
negative transfer definition and sporting example
learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
may be due to the actions being too similar which causes confusion
e.g badminton and tennis serves
zero transfer definition and sporting example
learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
e.g rock climbing and swimming arm action
bilateral transfer definition and sporting example
when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
e.g practicing shooting on left foot, then helps shooting on right
what are the names of the 4 methods of presenting practice
whole practice
whole part whole practice
progressive part practice
massed practice
whole practice definition and sporting example
practicing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub routines
e.g golf swing
when may coach decide to use whole practice
skill is fast ballistic and discrete such as sharp action of tennis serve
skill is highly organised meaning cannot be easily broken down
skill is simple so does not require much through so fewer demands are placed on performer
adv of whole practice
helps create specific images
can be stored in motor programme
makes skill consistent-help performer have good habits and perform skill automatically
did of whole practice
performer may not be able to cope with demands of task if beginner
could get fatigue/too much info for beginner to process
whole part whole practice definition and sporting example for
assessing skill, identifying weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together
e.g beginner learning a complex task
breaking it apart and then repeating the whole skill all together
adv of whole part whole practice
motivation increased when long standing weakness is corrected
dis of whole part whole practice
time consuming
may produce negative transfer
progressive part practice
practicing first part of the skill then adding parts gradually
also be called chaining
sport example of progressive part practice
dance routine developed by teaching each part of the sequence in order
first part of routine taught, second part added on, so on until sequence completed
adv of progressive part practice
allows performer to focus on one aspect of the task and correct specific weaknesses
learner can rest so fatigue is reduced
massed practice
no rest intervals during the practice session
continuous
adv of massed practice
promotes fitness
practicing without rests makes skill become more automatic
motor programmes can be stored more easily
dis of massed practice
produce fatigue
danger of negative transfer
distributed practice
rest intervals are given during practice session
adv of distributed practice
takes pressure off performers
good for beginners
dis of distributed practice
time consuming
should not be used when training session is tight
varied practice
changing the practice type and practice drills
so that players learn to adapt changes
adv of varied practice
change in tasks, increases motivation
dis of varied practice
time consuming
mental practice
going over skill in the mind without movement before event or part of practice
adv of mental practice
improves confidence and lowers anxiety
improves decision making of player
what are the names of the three stages of learning
cognitive
associative
autonomous
cognitive stage of learning
first stage of learning used by novice
used by coping demonstrations
motor programme not developed
movements are slow and uncoordinated
use trial and error-have a go at skill, thinking and adapting actions, then do it again to see if any improvements have been made
associative stage
performer moves from being beginner to accomplished performer
needs lots of practice
motor programme is forming
feedback becomes more internal
movements become smoother and coordinated
autonomous stage
actions are fluent and efficient
actions automatically undertaken
can concentrate on fine details of a task
motor programme formed
positive feedback
encouragement
negative feedback
error correction
intrinsic feedback
from within
