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BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY LECTURE > STREPTOCOCCUS > Flashcards

STREPTOCOCCUS Flashcards

1
Q

Streptococcus species are gram-positive. True or False?

A

True

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2
Q

Streptococcus species are motile. True or False?

A

False

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3
Q

Streptococcus species are non-sporeforming. True or False?

A

True

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4
Q

Streptococcus species contain catalase enzymes. True or False?

A

False

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5
Q

Streptococcus can live in aerobic and anaerobic environment. True or False?

A

True, they are facultative anaerobe

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6
Q

What are the habitats of Streptococcus?

A
  1. Saprophytes in milk
  2. Parasites in mucous membranes and intestines
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7
Q

What are the 2 classification systems used to identify Streptococcus species?

A
  1. Sherman
  2. Lancefield
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8
Q

What are the classifications of Streptococcus under Sherman system? Give their corresponding associations.

A
  1. Pyogenic - pathogenic species
  2. Viridans - alpha/green hemolysis
  3. Lactic - associated with milk
  4. Enterococcus - intestine
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9
Q

How many groups are present in Lancefield classification system?

A

6 + 14 = 20 groups

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10
Q

What are the basis of Lancefield classification system of Streptococcus?

A
  1. Serologically active carbohydrate (C substance)
  2. Teichoic acid (?)
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11
Q

Streptococcus are more fastidious bacteria therefore need enrichment with blood and serum. True or False?

A

True

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12
Q

When Streptococcus grows in milk, what does it produce?

A

Lactic acid

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13
Q

What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that interferes with phagocytosis?

A

Hyaluronic acid capsule

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14
Q

What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that inhibits phagocytosis and induce immunotoxic effect on polymorphs and platelets?

A

Protein M

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15
Q

What is the virulence factor of Streptococcus that is hair-like fimbriae and is responsible for attachment of streptococci to epithelial cells?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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16
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: What are the hemolysins responsible for beta hemolysis?

A

Streptolysins O and Streptolysins S

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17
Q

It is a good indicator of present or past Streptococcal infections.

A

Antibodies to Streptolysin O

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18
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Both Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S are sensitive to oxygen. True or False?

A

False, only S.O.

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19
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Both Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S are toxic for neutrophils and macrophages. True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Between Streptolysin O and S, which is a protein and elicits neutralizing antibodies?

A

Streptolysin O

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21
Q

Virulence factors - Extracellular products - Hemolysins: Between Streptolysin O and S, which is a peptide therefore non-antigenic?

A

Streptolysin S

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22
Q

An extracellular product of Streptococcus that activates plasminogen to plasmin leading to digestion of fibrin clots; fibrinolysin.

A

Streptokinase

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23
Q

Extracellular enzymes that assist in production of substrates for growth and reduces viscosity of fluid containing DNA (pus)

A

Dnases A, B, C, D/Streptodornase

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24
Q

Extracellular enzyme that promotes spread of infection in tissues

A

Hyaluronidase

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25
Q

Extracellular products/toxins of Streptococcus that are low molecular weight proteins.

A

Erythrogenic toxin (A, B, C)

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26
Q

Among the types of Erythrogenic toxin, which is responsible for rashes in scarlet fever?

A

Group A

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27
Q

Extracellular enzyme that kill phagocytes produced by some Group A streptococci

A

NADases

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28
Q

Extracellular enzyme that has broad substrate specificity and is produced by Group A streptococci

A

Proteinase

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29
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that is found in secretions from infected udder; long chains

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

30
Q

What is the appearance of S. agalactiae when inoculated on solid medium containing starch?

A

Brick red growth

31
Q

What is the typical test used to detect the presence of S. agalactiae?

A

CAMP test (Christine, Atkins, Munch-Petersen)

32
Q

What is the principle behind the CAMP test?

A

Synergistic hemolysis produced by sequential action of staphylocococcal sphingomyelinase (beta toxin) and ceramide-binding (N-acyl sphingosine) of Streptococcus agalactiae

33
Q

Give the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae. (target organs, spread, symptoms/clinical signs)

A
  • In mammary glands of cows, sheep and goats
  • Spread: milker’s hands, contaminated milking machines. mouth of calves
  • Enters thru teats and colonize mammary glands resulting to inflammation and fibrosis of adjoining area; milk becomes alkaline and WBC count exceed 500,000/ml; milk reduced, thin and watery
34
Q

What is the method of prevention for S. agalactiae?

A

None (?), vaccination is not proven effective.

35
Q

How do you diagnose S. agalactiae?

A
  1. Direct smears
  2. Colony characteristics and biochemical tests
36
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that induces acute, severe mastitis

A

S. dysagalactiae

37
Q

What classification is S. dysagalactiae in Lancefield system?

A

Lancefield group C

38
Q

When inoculated, what discoloration does S. dysagalactiae produces?

A

Distinct green discoloration

39
Q

Infection of S. dysagalactiae is more frequent than S. agalactiae. True or False?

A

False

40
Q

S. dysagalactiae produces hyaluronidase. True or False?

A

True

41
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that is a normal commensal of the skin and upper respiratory tract, tonsils, and lymphoid tissues of the horse.

A

S. zooepidemicus

42
Q

To what specie is S. zooepidemicus closely related?

A

S. equi and S. equisimilis

43
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that is most common cause of wound infection in horse

A

S. zooepidemicus

44
Q

What diseases does S. zooepidemicus induces?

A
  1. Mastitis (cows)
  2. Fibrinous pleuritis (lambs)
  3. Pericarditis (lambs)
  4. Pneumonia (lambs)
45
Q

Among the specie of Streptococcus, which is the secondary invader of viral infections of URT of foals and young horses?

A

S. zooepidemicus

46
Q

This specie of Streptococcus induce bovine mastitis (acute but mild) and does not react in Lancefield’s grouping system

A

S. uberis

47
Q

Which specie of Streptococcus is the most common cause of suppurative arthritis in pigs causing lameness, swelling of points, and necrosis of joint surfaces?

A

S. equisimilis

48
Q

S. equisimilus can reside in tonsillar tissues and draining lymph nodes. True or False?

A

True

49
Q

How do you prevent S. equisimilis infection?

A

Vaccination

50
Q

Specie of Streptococcus that causes strangles in horses

A

S. equi

51
Q

What is strangles?

A

A severe purulent infection of the upper respiratory tract
and draining lymph nodes in horses

52
Q

Under electron microscope, how do you describe S. equi?

A

Outer surface has peach fuzz-like coating of protein

53
Q

Give the 2 antigens emitted by S. equi.

A

R and M antigens (M protein is antiphagocytic)

54
Q

In culture media, S. equi produces what hemolysis?

A

B-hemolysis (Oxygen-sensitive streptolysin O-like hemolysin produces wide zone of Bhemolysis)

55
Q

Describe the colonies of S. equi.

A

Colonies matt or mucoid
- Matt colonies with irregular surface folding and look dried due to phagecontrolled hyaluronidase action on hyaluronic acid capsule

56
Q

What are the routes of S. equi?

A
  1. Nasal (inhalation of infective droplets)
  2. Oral (ingestion)
57
Q

What is the incubation period of S. equi?

A

3 to 6 days to 3 weeks or longer

58
Q

Trace the pathway of S. equi in the body.

A

Enter epithelial cells of oropharynx -> become interiorized -> lymphatic
drainage to submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes -> abscess
formation

59
Q

Give the replication principle of S. equi.

A

Complement-derived chemotactic factors (C3a and C5a) released and
attract PMN cells -> poweful toxins produced by microorganisms destroy
phagocytes -> extracellular multiplication of microorganisms

60
Q

What virulence factors of S. equi makes it acquire high rate of survival?

A

M protein and hyaluronic acid

61
Q

Give the complications (disease) of S. equi infection.

A
  1. Laryngeal hemiplegia
  2. Gittural pouch empyema
  3. Purpura hemorrhagica (vaccination)
62
Q

Give the symptoms of S. equi infection.

A
  1. High fever
  2. Small abscesses in submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes; serous nasal discharge
  3. Rupturing of abscesses (1-2 weeks after infection)
  4. Bastard strangles
63
Q

How do you diagnose S. equi?

A
  1. RIA, ELISA
  2. Mouse protection test
  3. Gel diffusion precipitin test
64
Q

How do you prevent S. equi infection?

A
  1. Heat-inactivated bacterin or M protein-rich extracts not useful
  2. Avirulent, genetically modified strain stimulates local nasopharyngeal
    antibodies
65
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Cervical lymphadenitis
  • Group E
  • Swine strangles
  • Abscessation of mandibular, retropharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes
    -> jowl abscessation
A

S. porcinus

66
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Meningitis and septicemia in young pigs
  • Group D
  • Zoonotic
A

S. suis

67
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Mucous membranes of dogs and cats
  • Group G
  • Metritis and vaginitis in bitches
A

S. canis

68
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Abundant in feces of horses
  • Not known to be pathogenic
A

S. equinus

69
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • No pathogenic properties but omnipresent in milk
  • Common milk-souring in short chains
A

S. lactis

70
Q

Give the species of streptococcus:

  • Always present in mouth and intestinal tract of cattle
A

S. bovis

BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY LECTURE (10 decks)

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