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STAPHYLOCOCCUS Flashcards

1
Q

Why is capsular polysaccharide regarded as microcapsule?

A

Because it can be visualized only by electron microscopy after antibody labelling

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2
Q

S. aureus diseases: Exudative dermatitis in rabbits and subcutaneous abscesses in older animals.

A

Cutaneous staphylococcosis

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3
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis both has catalase enzyme. True or False?

A

True

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4
Q

Enterotoxins causes what pathological conditions when Staphylococcus is ingested?

A

Diarrhea and vomiting

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5
Q

Superantigens stimulate ____ without normal antigenic recognitions, resulting in the release of cytokines in large amounts causing symptoms of TSS.

A

T-cells

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6
Q

In humans, what are the blood cells that have high affinity to Alpha toxin?

A

Platelets and monocytes

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7
Q

What are the 2 forms of Epidermolytic toxin?

A
  1. ETA
  2. ETB
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8
Q

If a biomaterial such as IV catheter is in the body for long period of time, fibrinogen proliferates and promote bacterial attachment. True or False?

A

False, fibrinogen degenerates; do not promote bacterial attachment

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9
Q

S. aureus diseases: Stump of spermatic cord after horse castration become infected, enlarged and sclerotic with pockets of pus containing granules similar to actinomycosis​

A

Botromycosis

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10
Q

This is the surface polysaccharide of serotype 5 or 8.

A

Capsular polysaccharide

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11
Q

Other extracellular protein: A plasminogen activator

A

Staphylokinase

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12
Q

Panton and Valentine leucocidin has weak leukotoxicity and hemolytic. True or False?

A

False, potent leukotoxicity and non-hemolytic

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13
Q

S. aureus does not ferment mannitol while S. epidermidis ferments mannitol. True or False?

A

False, other way around

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14
Q

What is the color/pigment of the S. aureus colony?

A

Golden yellow

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15
Q

What is distinction of Panton and Valentine leucocidin from leukotoxin?

A

Gamma locus

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16
Q

Forms/expression of Gamma toxin that are hemolytic and has weak leukotoxin

A

A and B forms

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17
Q

What is the color/pigment of S. epidermidis/S. albus colony?

A

White

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18
Q

S. aureus diseases: Acute septicemia or bacterimia along with toxemia kills lambs; Ixodes ricinus (ticks)

A

Tick pyemia

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19
Q

Other extracellular proteins: Binds with prothrombin in host to form staphylothrombin which causes the activation of the protease activity of thrombin resulting to conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and formation of clot in plasma.

A

Coagulase

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20
Q

Staphylococcus is gram negative. True or False?

A

False

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21
Q

An enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid (cementing substance) therefore regarded as spreading factor.

A

Hyaluronidase

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22
Q

Protein A surface protein of S. aureus binds with ____ (antibody) the wrong way by non-immune mechanism and disrupts the organization and phagocytosis; also fixes complement.

A

IgG

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23
Q

S. aureus diseases: Suppurative lesions in cattle, organisms colonize tips of teats

A

Mastitis

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24
Q

Staphylokinase activates ____ ____ ____ which dissolves fibrin clot.

A

plasmin-like proteolytic activity

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25
Q

This enzymatic activity/enzyme is associated with Beta toxin and damages membrane rich in lipid.

A

Sphingomyelinase C

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26
Q

What are the 2 superantigens produced by Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Enterotoxins
  2. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
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27
Q

Where is fibronectin present?

A
  1. Epithelial surface
  2. Endothelial surface
  3. Blood clots
28
Q

Protein toxins can damage membrane. True or False?

29
Q

What is the classical test to detect the presence of Beta toxin?

A

Lysis of sheep RBC, at 4 C-15 C which produces incomplete hot-cold lysis

30
Q

Protein toxins: Two-component toxin that damages membrane of susceptible cells and are produced separately but act together to damage membranes.

A

Gamma toxin and leucocidin

31
Q

TSST1 is stronger compared to enterotoxin. True or False?

32
Q

TSST1 is responsible for 75% of TSS including ____ cases.

33
Q

Protein toxins of Staphylococcus are responsible for what aspect during infections?

34
Q

Panton and Valentine leucocidin is an important factor in _____ skin lesions such as _____ when injected _____ in rabbits.

A

necrotizing; dermonecrosis; subcutaneous

35
Q

What are the different diagnoses of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Smears
  2. Culture on BAP
  3. Mannitol salt agar
36
Q

Enterotoxins can cause TSS. True or False?

37
Q

This virulence factor promotes attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissues.

A

Fibrinogen/fibrin-binding (clumping factor)

38
Q

What is the habitat of S. epidermidis?

39
Q

Protein toxins: It causes scalded skin syndrome in neonates with widespread blistering and loss of epidermis.

A

Epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin

40
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which is the opportunistic invader?

A

S. epidermidis

41
Q

It is the fibrinogen-binding determinant on S. aureus cell surface, sometimes referred to as bound coagulase.

A

Clumping factor

42
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis are both salt-tolerant. True or False?

43
Q

Most important coagulase-negative staphylococci which is a commensal of the skin

A

S. epidermidis

44
Q

How many serotypes does enterotoxin have?

A

6 serotypes: A, B, C, D, E, G

45
Q

Alpha toxin binds to membrane of susceptible cells , its subunits oligomerize to form ____ ____, a central pore thru which cellular contents leak.

A

hexameric rings

46
Q

What is the traditional marker of S. aureus?

47
Q

Alpha toxin: A complex series of secondary reactions cause release of ____ and ____ which trigger the production of inflammatory mediators that produce the symptoms of ____ ____.

A

eicosanoids; cytokines; septic shock

48
Q

What type of activity do Epidermolytic toxin induce?

A

Protease activity

49
Q

Surface proteins promote attachment to host proteins such as _____ and _____ that form part of the extracellular matrix.

A

laminin and fibronectin

50
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which is most prevalent in dogs and carnivores?

A

S. intermedius

51
Q

Virulence factor: This promote colonization of host tissues such as those that promote attachment to host.

A

Surface proteins

52
Q

Protein toxins: Small peptide toxin produced by most strains of S. aureus; has phospholipase

A

Delta toxin

53
Q

Coagulase and clumping factor are same entities. True or False?

54
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis both has coagulase enzyme. True or False?

A

False, only S. aureus

55
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which causes exudative epidermitis in swine therefore requiring a Biotin administration?

A

S. hyicus subsp. hyicus

56
Q

S. epidermidis produces a characteristic slime called ?

57
Q

Forms/expressions of Gamma toxin that form leukotoxin with poor hemolytic activity

A

B and C forms

58
Q

Give 5 examples of S. aureus disease.

A
  1. Botryomycosis in horses
  2. Mastitis
  3. Tick pyemia
  4. Facial or periorbital eczema in sheep
  5. Purulent synovitis in poultry
  6. Cutaneous staphylococcosis
  7. Porcine necrotizing staphylococcal endometritis
59
Q

An enzyme of Staphylococcus important in abscesses since it could modify antibacterial lipids and prolong bacterial survival.

A

Fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME)

60
Q

The toxin that specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Leukocidin

61
Q

What are the habitats of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  1. Nasal passages
  2. Skin
  3. Oral cavity
  4. Intestinal tract
62
Q

Protein toxins: Best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin; major virulence factor

A

Alpha toxin

63
Q

Does TSST1 have emetic activity?

64
Q

What is the traditional epidemiological tracing in Staphylococcus?

A

Phage typing

65
Q

Proteases, lipases, and deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) provide nutrients for bacteria. True or False?

66
Q

What are some virulence factor of Staphylococcus that inhibit phagocytosis?

A

Capsule, immunoglobulin-binding protein A

67
Q

What are the different enzymes of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Lipases
  3. Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase)
  4. Fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME)

BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY LECTURE (37 decks)

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