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STAPHYLOCOCCUS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the color/pigment of the S. aureus colony?

A

Golden yellow

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2
Q

What is the color/pigment of S. epidermidis/S. albus colony?

A

White

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3
Q

Staphylococcus is gram negative. True or False?

A

False

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4
Q

What are the habitats of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  1. Nasal passages
  2. Skin
  3. Oral cavity
  4. Intestinal tract
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5
Q

What is the habitat of S. epidermidis?

A
  1. Skin
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6
Q

Virulence factor: This promote colonization of host tissues such as those that promote attachment to host.

A

Surface proteins

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7
Q

Surface proteins promote attachment to host proteins such as _____ and _____ that form part of the extracellular matrix.

A

laminin and fibronectin

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8
Q

Where is fibronectin present?

A
  1. Epithelial surface
  2. Endothelial surface
  3. Blood clots
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9
Q

This virulence factor promotes attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissues.

A

Fibrinogen/fibrin-binding (clumping factor)

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10
Q

If a biomaterial such as IV catheter is in the body for long period of time, fibrinogen proliferates and promote bacterial attachment. True or False?

A

False, fibrinogen degenerates; do not promote bacterial attachment

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11
Q

What are some virulence factor of Staphylococcus that inhibit phagocytosis?

A

Capsule, immunoglobulin-binding protein A

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11
Q

This is the surface polysaccharide of serotype 5 or 8.

A

Capsular polysaccharide

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11
Q

Why is capsular polysaccharide regarded as microcapsule?

A

Because it can be visualized only by electron microscopy after antibody labelling

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12
Q

Protein A surface protein of S. aureus binds with ____ (antibody) the wrong way by non-immune mechanism and disrupts the organization and phagocytosis; also fixes complement.

A

IgG

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12
Q

The toxin that specifically acts on polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Leukocidin

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12
Q

Protein toxins of Staphylococcus are responsible for what aspect during infections?

A

Symptoms

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13
Q

Protein toxins can damage membrane. True or False?

A

True

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14
Q

Protein toxins: Best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin; major virulence factor

A

Alpha toxin

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15
Q

Alpha toxin binds to membrane of susceptible cells , its subunits oligomerize to form ____ ____, a central pore thru which cellular contents leak.

A

hexameric rings

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16
Q

In humans, what are the blood cells that have high affinity to Alpha toxin?

A

Platelets and monocytes

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17
Q

Alpha toxin: A complex series of secondary reactions cause release of ____ and ____ which trigger the production of inflammatory mediators that produce the symptoms of ____ ____.

A

eicosanoids; cytokines; septic shock

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18
Q

Protein toxins: Small peptide toxin produced by most strains of S. aureus; has phospholipase

A

Delta toxin

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19
Q

This enzymatic activity/enzyme is associated with Beta toxin and damages membrane rich in lipid.

A

Sphingomyelinase C

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20
Q

What is the classical test to detect the presence of Beta toxin?

A

Lysis of sheep RBC, at 4 C-15 C which produces incomplete hot-cold lysis

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21
Q

Protein toxins: Two-component toxin that damages membrane of susceptible cells and are produced separately but act together to damage membranes.

A

Gamma toxin and leucocidin

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22
Q

Forms/expressions of Gamma toxin that form leukotoxin with poor hemolytic activity

A

B and C forms

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23
Q

Forms/expression of Gamma toxin that are hemolytic and has weak leukotoxin

A

A and B forms

24
Q

What is distinction of Panton and Valentine leucocidin from leukotoxin?

A

Gamma locus

25
Q

Panton and Valentine leucocidin has weak leukotoxicity and hemolytic. True or False?

A

False, potent leukotoxicity and non-hemolytic

26
Q

Panton and Valentine leucocidin is an important factor in _____ skin lesions such as _____ when injected _____ in rabbits.

A

necrotizing; dermonecrosis; subcutaneous

27
Q

What are the 2 superantigens produced by Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Enterotoxins
  2. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
28
Q

How many serotypes does enterotoxin have?

A

6 serotypes: A, B, C, D, E, G

29
Q

Enterotoxins causes what pathological conditions when Staphylococcus is ingested?

A

Diarrhea and vomiting

30
Q

Enterotoxins can cause TSS. True or False?

31
Q

TSST1 is stronger compared to enterotoxin. True or False?

32
Q

Does TSST1 have emetic activity?

33
Q

TSST1 is responsible for 75% of TSS including ____ cases.

34
Q

Superantigens stimulate ____ without normal antigenic recognitions, resulting in the release of cytokines in large amounts causing symptoms of TSS.

35
Q

Protein toxins: It causes scalded skin syndrome in neonates with widespread blistering and loss of epidermis.

A

Epidermolytic (exfoliative) toxin

36
Q

What are the 2 forms of Epidermolytic toxin?

37
Q

What type of activity do Epidermolytic toxin induce?

A

Protease activity

38
Q

Other extracellular proteins: Binds with prothrombin in host to form staphylothrombin which causes the activation of the protease activity of thrombin resulting to conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and formation of clot in plasma.

39
Q

What is the traditional marker of S. aureus?

40
Q

Coagulase and clumping factor are same entities. True or False?

41
Q

It is the fibrinogen-binding determinant on S. aureus cell surface, sometimes referred to as bound coagulase.

A

Clumping factor

42
Q

Other extracellular protein: A plasminogen activator

A

Staphylokinase

43
Q

Staphylokinase activates ____ ____ ____ which dissolves fibrin clot.

A

plasmin-like proteolytic activity

44
Q

What are the different enzymes of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Lipases
  3. Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase)
  4. Fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME)
45
Q

An enzyme of Staphylococcus important in abscesses since it could modify antibacterial lipids and prolong bacterial survival.

A

Fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME)

46
Q

Proteases, lipases, and deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) provide nutrients for bacteria. True or False?

47
Q

An enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid (cementing substance) therefore regarded as spreading factor.

A

Hyaluronidase

48
Q

Most important coagulase-negative staphylococci which is a commensal of the skin

A

S. epidermidis

49
Q

S. epidermidis produces a characteristic slime called ?

50
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis both has coagulase enzyme. True or False?

A

False, only S. aureus

51
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis both has catalase enzyme. True or False?

52
Q

S. aureus does not ferment mannitol while S. epidermidis ferments mannitol. True or False?

A

False, other way around

53
Q

S. aureus and S. epidermidis are both salt-tolerant. True or False?

54
Q

What is the traditional epidemiological tracing in Staphylococcus?

A

Phage typing

55
Q

S. aureus diseases: Stump of spermatic cord after horse castration become infected, enlarged and sclerotic with pockets of pus containing granules similar to actinomycosis​

A

Botromycosis

56
Q

S. aureus diseases: Suppurative lesions in cattle, organisms colonize tips of teats

57
Q

S. aureus diseases: Acute septicemia or bacterimia along with toxemia kills lambs; Ixodes ricinus (ticks)

A

Tick pyemia

58
Q

S. aureus diseases: Exudative dermatitis in rabbits and subcutaneous abscesses in older animals.

A

Cutaneous staphylococcosis

59
Q

Give 5 examples of S. aureus disease.

A
  1. Botryomycosis in horses
  2. Mastitis
  3. Tick pyemia
  4. Facial or periorbital eczema in sheep
  5. Purulent synovitis in poultry
  6. Cutaneous staphylococcosis
  7. Porcine necrotizing staphylococcal endometritis
60
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which is the opportunistic invader?

A

S. epidermidis

61
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which is most prevalent in dogs and carnivores?

A

S. intermedius

62
Q

Among the species of Staphylococcus, which causes exudative epidermitis in swine therefore requiring a Biotin administration?

A

S. hyicus subsp. hyicus

63
Q

What are the different diagnoses of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Smears
  2. Culture on BAP
  3. Mannitol salt agar

BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY LECTURE (27 decks)

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