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CLOSTRIDIUM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of tetanus?

A

C. tetani

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2
Q

It is the best know of all anerobic spore-forming bacilli.

A

C. tetani

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3
Q

Give the morphology of C. tetani.

A
  • Straight slender rod, 0.4-0.6 um x 2-5 um
  • Occurs singly in tissues and culture
  • Spores: formed after 24-48 hours at ends of rods 2-3x width of the rod (badminton-racket or drumstick-like)
  • Gram variable, peritrichous flagella
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4
Q

Give the cultural characteristics of C. tetani.

A
  • Colonies in deep agar fluffy, cottony spheres
  • Brush-like effect in gelatin
  • Does not ferment CHO
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5
Q

C. tetani is highly resistant to what agents?

A

Sporicidal agents and technics

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6
Q

How many minutes of boiling are required to kill a C. tetani spore?

A

15 mins

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7
Q

How many serotypes of C. tetani are present today?

A

9 serotypes

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8
Q

Give the different types of antigen present in C. tetani.

A
  1. Glycopeptide antigen
  2. Heat labile flagellar antigen
  3. Somatic antigen
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9
Q

C. tetani is commonly found in what habitat?

A
  1. Soil
  2. Common in horse manure
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10
Q

What are the three toxins emitted by C. tetani?

A
  1. Tetanospasmin
  2. Tetanolysin
  3. Peripherally active non-spasmogenic toxin
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11
Q

What C. tetani toxin is responsible for characteristic feature of tetanus?

A

Tetanospasmin

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12
Q

What C. tetani toxin causes local tissue necrosis which is favorable for multiplication; hemolytic for RBC and lethal in lab animals?

A

Tetanolysin

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13
Q

C. tetani toxins: How many subunits are present in Tetanospasmin?

A

2

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14
Q

C. tetani toxins: The 2 subunits of Tetanospasmin contains heavy and light chains which are toxic when separated. True or False?

A

False, non-toxic

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15
Q

C. tetani toxins: Tetanospasmin can be destroyed by what body components?

A

Gastric juices

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16
Q

C. tetani toxins: Tetanospasmin is heat resistant and poorly absorbed across mucous membranes. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

C. tetani toxins: Tetanospasmin is extremely potent. True or False?

A

True, e.g. LD50 for mice is equivalent to 2x10-8 mg

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18
Q

C. tetani toxins: What is the principle/mode of action of Tetanospasmin in relation to Tetanus?

A
  • Binds gangliosides which are bound to cerebrosides, 2 gangliosides to 1 molecule toxin
  • prevents the release of glycine, transmitter substance
    responsible for inhibitory nerve network of spinal cord -> prevents contraction of muscle when its opposite counterpart contracts - > continuous stimulation and tetanic spasms of groups of
    muscles
  • Paralytic action on PNS and inactivation of inhibitory nerve network -> inhibition of protein synthesis in brain
  • Neuromuscular activity favors migration of toxin along both motor and sensory nerves
  • Toxin travels up regional motor nerves where tetanus develops
    first -> spreads upward in opposite limbs and subsequently in muscles of the trunk (ascending tetanus)
  • Tetanus develops first in susceptible motor nerves of the head and neck then descends to voluntary muscles of forelimbs, upper trunk and hindlimbs -> descending tetanus,
    usually in humans and horses, affecting nictitating membrane, facial and jaw muscles causing lockjaw or risus sardonicus
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19
Q

C. tetani toxins: Tetanospasmin has longer incubation period and has less severe prognosis. True or False?

A

False, shorter; worse prognosis

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20
Q

C. tetani toxins: Tetanospasmin is spasmogenic toxin. True or False?

A

False, non-spasmogenic

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21
Q

Give the portals of entry of C. tetani.

A
  1. Nail wounds in horses
  2. Castration and docking in lambs
  3. Calving, dehorning, castration, and nose ringing in cattle
  4. Autointoxication
  5. Castration in swine
  6. Wound infection in dogs and cats
  7. Umbilical cord in newborn
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22
Q

Birds are naturally resistant to C. tetani. Why?

A

No antibodies, brain has no affinity

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23
Q

How can sheep and goat be immunized against C. tetani?

A

Neutralizing antibodies

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24
Q

Horse, dogs, pics, and human have antitoxin against C. tetani. True or False?

A

False, no antitoxins thus the power of binding with toxin

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25
Q

Hyperimmuned serum from horse which has 1500 units protective for 2-3 weeks is one way of C. tetani immunization. True or False?

A

True

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26
Q

Give the composition of C. tetani vaccine and its doses.

A

– 0.4% formalin -> precipitated with aluminum potassium sulfate suspended in saline
- 3 doses at 3-week intervals

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27
Q

In horses, toxoids are given in what intervals? How many months can a booster shot be administered?

A

6 to 8 week intervals followed by 6-12 months later, then annual booster

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28
Q

What are the 2 ways to treat C. tetani infection?

A
  1. Antitoxin asap in single IV or intracisternal dose of 100,000 to
    200, 000 units
  2. Large doses of penicillin
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29
Q

How do you diagnose C. tetani?

A
  1. Characteristic symptoms
  2. Drumstick-like spores
  3. Injection to mice
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30
Q

Specie of Clostridium that is a source of potent neurotoxin which causes botulism, a disease characterized by flaccid paralysis and eventual death due to respiratory failure.

A

C. botulinum

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31
Q

Where is C. botulinum first discovered and from what?

A

Belgium; imperfectly smoked ham

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32
Q

Give the forms of disease of C. botulinum.

A
  1. Intoxication
  2. Wound infection
  3. Infant botulism - intestinal colonization
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33
Q

Give the morphology of C. botulinum.

A

Spores oval, centric and excentric

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34
Q

What is the major metabolic product of all strains of C. botulinum?

A

Acetic acid

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35
Q

Non-proteolytic type of C. botulinum acidify and coagulate milk. True or False?

A

False, does not coagulate milk.

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36
Q

Proteolytic type of C. botulinum slowly curdle milk and partially digest darken curd. True or False?

A

True

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37
Q

All strains of C. botulinum are strict anaerobes but they are not fastidious. True or False?

A

True

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38
Q

How many serotypes and toxin types of C. botulinum are present today?

A

6 serotypes; 7 toxin types

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39
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain A and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Humans - Botulism
  2. Cattle, horses - Forage poisoning
  3. Chicken - Limberneck
  4. Mink - Botulism
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40
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain B and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Humans - Botulism
  2. Cattle, horse
  3. Chicken
  4. Mink
  5. Foal - Shaker foal syndrome
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41
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain C and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Ducks and wild birds - Limberneck, Western duck disease
  2. Humans - Botulism
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42
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain D and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Cattle - Lamsiekte
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43
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain E and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Humans - Botulism
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44
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain F and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Humans - Botulism
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45
Q

What are the hosts of C. botulinum Strain G and the corresponding induced diseases?

A
  1. Humans - Botulism
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46
Q

A complex consisting of toxin molecules and hemagglutiin moiety.

A

Botulinum toxin

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47
Q

In C. botulinum, toxins of non-proteolytics strains require _____ enzymes such as _____ to fully express its toxic activty.

A

proteolytic; trypsin

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48
Q

Botulinum toxin is released during ?

A

Lysis of cells

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49
Q

What are the sources of C. botulinum?

A
  1. From ingestion of food contaminated with preformed toxin
  2. From decaying carcass, ingested or contaminating other food stuffs
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50
Q

It causes depraved appetite for decaying carcasses which leads to the occurrence of botulism.

A

Aphosphorosis

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51
Q

This syndrome of foal caused by C. botulium infection is characterized by dysphagia, tremors, weakness, recumbency, then followed by death.

A

Shaker foal syndrome

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52
Q

Give the mechanism of infection of C. botulinum.

A

Ingestion -> intestinal wall (protected by hemagglutinins from
digestive processes) -> ruminal bacteria inactivate substantial
quantity of ingested toxin -> bloodstream -> peripheral nervous
system -> binds to gangliosides at neuromuscular junction -> inside
surface of cell membrane -> functional change, vesicles
containing acetylcholine no longer able to release AC

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53
Q

Botulinum toxin affects both adrenergic and cholinergic nerves of the PNS blood-brain barrier which protects those nerves. True or False?

A

False, only cholinergic nerves

54
Q

After Botulinum toxin affects cholinergic nerves of the PNS blood-brain barrier, what is the succeeding effect?

A

Flaccid paralysis which progresses to involve the respiratory muscles resulting to death

55
Q

Give the clinical signs when an animal is infected with C. botulinum.

A
  1. Disturbance in vision
  2. Locomotion difficult
  3. Paralysis of the tongue
  4. Pharyngeal paralysis
  5. Respiratory paralysis
  6. Nictitating membrane disturbance (poultry)
56
Q

Swine and carnivores are resistant to Botulinum toxin. True or False?

57
Q

In immunization against C. botulinum, homologous antitoxin is protective but not universally practiced in _____.

58
Q

In immunization against, C. botulinum, polyvalent antitoxin is no longer effective when?

A

Once toxin is bound to nerve membranes

59
Q

How do you diagnose C. botulinum?

A
  1. Demo of toxin in serum, intestinal contents and suspected foodstuffs
60
Q

What are the toxin-forming and non-invasive group of Clostridium?

A
  1. Clostridium tetani
  2. Clostridium botulinum
61
Q

Give the species of Clostridium that are tissue-invading and enterotoxigenic.

A
  1. C. perfringens
  2. C. hemolyticum
  3. C. noyvi
  4. C. chauvoei
    5 C. septicum
  5. C. colinum
  6. C. spiriforme
  7. C. difficile
  8. C. villosum
62
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. perfringens Type A.

A
  1. Yellow lamb disease
63
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. perfringens Type B.

A
  1. Lamb dysentery
  2. Hemorrhagic enteritis of sheep and goats
64
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. perfringens Type C.

A
  1. Necrotic enteritis
  2. Struck in sheep
65
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. perfringens Type D.

A
  1. Enterotoxemia - overeating ds, pulpy kidney ds.
66
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. perfringens Type E.

A
  1. Enterotoxemia in lambs and calves
67
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. hemolyticum.

A
  1. Red water disease
  2. Hemorrhagic disease
  3. Infectious icterohemoglobinuria
68
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. noyvi.

A
  1. Big head in rams
  2. Black diseases (necrotic hepatitis in sheep)
69
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. chauvoei.

A
  1. Blackleg
  2. Black quarter
  3. Quarter evil
  4. Symptomatic anthrax
70
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. septicum.

A
  1. Malignant edema
  2. Braxy or bradsot
71
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. colinum.

A
  1. Ulcerative enteritis or quail ds.
72
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. spiriforme.

A
  1. Iota enterotoxemia in rabbits
73
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. difficile.

A
  1. Enterotoxemia in hamsters
74
Q

Give the induced diseases of C. villosum.

A
  1. Subcutaneous abscesses in cats
75
Q

What are the other names of C. perfringens?

A
  1. C. welchii
  2. Gas bacillus
  3. Welch bacillus
76
Q

Give the morphology of C. perfringens.

A
  • Spores oval, not much swelling
  • Old cultures pleomorphic, clubbed types, ballooned
    cells and filaments
  • Capsules in tissues, non-flagellated
77
Q

Describe the zone of hemolysis of C. perfringens.

A

Inner zone of complete and outer zone of incomplete hemolysis

78
Q

C. perfringens produces phospholipase C. What is the other term for phospholipase C?

A

Lecithinase

79
Q

When C. perfringens is inoculated on litmus milk, what is emitted?

A

Stormy fermentation

80
Q

Give the 4 toxins produced by C. perfringens.

A
  1. Alpha (phospholipase)
  2. Beta
  3. Epsilon
  4. Iota
81
Q

C. perfringens is part of normal intestine flora. True or False?

82
Q

C. perfringens is ubiquitous in nature. True or False?

83
Q

What is the most common cause of necrotizing myositis in horses?

A

C. perfringens

84
Q

Strain A is found in _____ while B-E is in _____.

A

soil; intestines

85
Q

C. perfringens Type A has alpha toxin that resides in small intestine. When it is absorbed, what does it induces?

A

Massive intravascular hemolysis and capillary damage

86
Q

What type of C. perfringens induces lamb dysentery?

A

C. perfringens Type B

87
Q

What diseases does C. perfringens Type B induces?

A

Beta toxin produces hemorrhagic zones and ulcerations of the small intestines.

88
Q

C. perfringens Type C induces what diseases?

A
  1. Enterotoxemia
  2. Acute hemorrhagic enteritis in pigs
  3. Struck or Romney Marsh disease in sheep
    (Beta toxin, labile and denatured by enzymes in the intestine; produces necrosis of mucosa in the abomasum and small intestine)
89
Q

C. perfringens Type E is associated with what toxin?

A

Epsilon toxin

90
Q

Give the mode of action of epsilon toxin.

A

Epsilon toxin which requires trypsin or chemotrypsin
activation and has a permease effect on the
mucosa enhancing absorption -> results to foci of liquefactive necrosis, perivascular edema and hemorrhages especially in the meninges -> receptor site on vascular
endothelium of the brain -> breakdown of intercellular
junctions and escape of fluids

91
Q

What happens if epsilon toxin is activated?

A

It has pressure activity which increases blood pressure

92
Q

Give the diseases induced by C. perfringens Type E.

A
  1. Hemorrhagic, necrotic enteritis in calves
93
Q

What is the mode of immunization against C. perfringens infection?

A

Alum precipitated type-specific toxoid

94
Q

How do you diagnose C. perfringens?

A

Toxin in intestinal contents

95
Q

Clostridium hemolyticum is closely related to what another specie?

A

C. noyvi (type D)

96
Q

Give the morphology of spores of C. hemolyticum.

A

Spores are oval and subterminal, causes bulging; motile

97
Q

What is the type of toxin emitted by C. hemolyticum?

A

Beta toxin

98
Q

What is the toxin emitted by C. noybi and C. perfringens Type B?

A

Alpha and beta toxins

99
Q

C. hemolyticum has predilection for what type of water?

A

Alkaline water

100
Q

Where is the site of toxin production of C. hemolyticum in the body?

101
Q

Give the pathogenesis of C. hemolyticum infection.

A
  • Tissue destruction caused by migration of liver flukes which
    provides suitable microenvironment for germination of spores
  • Beta toxin (phospholipase C) causes massive intravascular
    hemolysis and capillary damage -> hemorrhage into lumen of intestine and Hb in urine -> dark red or port-colored, clear
    but foamy -> no intact RBC
  • At time of hemoglobinuria, 40 to 50% of hemoglobin
    destroyed
  • Death caused by anoxemia due to massive destruction of RBC.
  • Most characteristic lesion is large infarct in liver as a result of occluding thrombosis
102
Q

Give the immunization method against. C. hemolyticum.

A
  1. Alum-precipitated, formalinized whole culture
103
Q

Give ways on how to diagnose C. hemolyticum.

A
  1. Culture from liver lesions
  2. Demonstration of phospholipase C in liver lesions
104
Q

Other term for C. noyvi

A

Novy’s bacillus edematis maligni II

105
Q

How many types of C. noyvi are existing?

A

3; A, B, C

106
Q

Give the morphology of C. noyvi.

A

Spores oval and subterminal; Motile

107
Q

In reduced form, C hemolyticum requires what?

108
Q

C. hemolyticum is more strictly aerobic. True or False?

A

False, anaerobic

109
Q

Give the pathogenesis of C. noyvi.

A
  • In soil and intestinal tract of herbivores
  • Multiply in wounds contaminated by soil and cause gas
    gangrene
  • Big head in rams as result of infection of wounds sustained
    In fighting
  • Alpha toxin damages capillary endothelium at site of invasion, brain, muscle, liver, heart -> elevation of intracellular enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
110
Q

Necrotic hepatitis in sheep caused by C. noyvi is otherwise known as?

A

Black disease

111
Q

Give the pathogenesis of Black disease caused by C. noyvi.

A
  • Liver damage from migration of immature Fasciola
    hepatica
  • Alpha and lesser beta toxin
  • Necrotic areas on surface of liver
  • Extensive blood-stained edema under skin -> black disease
112
Q

Give the immunization method against C. noyvi.

A
  1. Alum precipitated, formalinized whole culture
  2. Vaccination before heavy fluke activity
112
Q

Give the methods of diagnosis on C. noyvi.

A
  1. Demo of alpha toxin in tissues and exudates
  2. FAT - fluorescein antibody technique
113
Q

What is the other name of C. chauvoei?

114
Q

In ruminant, what is most common disease induced by C. chauvoei?

115
Q

Give the morphology of C. chauvoei.

A

Spores oval and excentrical, swelling rods into lemon-shaped structures

116
Q

C. chauvoei has low requirement for cysteine. True or False?

A

False, high

117
Q

C. chauvoei is strictly anaerobic. True or False?

118
Q

Give the antigens present in C. chauvoei.

A
  1. Flagellar antigens
  2. Somatic antigens
  3. Spore antigens
119
Q

Give some of the toxins emitted by C. chauvoei.

A
  1. Alpha toxin
  2. Hyaluronidase
  3. Deoxyribonuclease
120
Q

Give the pathogenesis of C. chauvoei.

A
  • In soil, unknown if it lives in the soil and multiplies in the intestine
  • Entry via oral route during grazing -> multiplies in the intestine -> lymphatic and blood circulation -> muscle and liver -> dormant until muscle mass becomes altered of damaged
  • May enter thru alveoli of the teeth
  • necrotizing, leukocidic and spreading factor of alpha toxin and
    hyaluronidase promote development of myonecrosis
  • Area reddish brown to black, crepitant with spongy texture
    due to entrapped gas, dry on cut surface
  • Affected area first swollen, painful and crepitant -> sensation lost and skin becomes tighter
121
Q

Give the immunization method against C. chauvoei.

A
  1. Formalinized whole culture or anacultures with alum
122
Q

Give the ways of diagnosis on C. chauvoei.

A
  1. Organism in heart, liver, and peritoneal fluid
  2. FAT
123
Q

What are the other names of C. septicum?

A
  1. Ghon-Sachs bacillus
  2. Malignant edema bacillus
124
Q

Give the morphology of C. septicum.

A

Spore oval, excentrical and swell cells

125
Q

C. septicum grows readily on all ordinary media with good anaerobic condition. True or False?

126
Q

Give the antigens present in C. septicum.

A
  1. Somatic antigen
  2. Flagellar agglutinogens
127
Q

C. septicum is common in?

A
  1. Soil
  2. Intestinal tract
128
Q

Give the pathogenesis of C. septicum.

A
  • In lambs thru wounds, umbilicus and abomasal lining (braxy
    or bradsot)
  • Wound infection -> malignant edema -> swellings are soft
    and pit on pressure -> large amounts of gelatinous exudate,
    muscular tissue dark red but contains little or no gas
  • Parablackleg bacillus
129
Q

Give the 4 toxins of C. septicum.

A
  1. Alpha toxin
  2. Beta toxin
  3. Gamma toxin
  4. Delta toxin

BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY LECTURE (27 decks)

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