Stigma Ch 31

Question 1

comprising cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects known as stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

Answer 1

Stigma

Question 2

negative attitudes and a behavioral chain that begins by applying a stigmatizing mark to a person, progresses through the attitude structures, and results in discrimination.

Answer 2

Stigma

Question 3

endorsement of negative stereotypes of individuals with the specific condition by others, such as family members and the general population

can include prejudice (i.e., a hostile attitude toward a person simply because she or he belongs to a group judged to have objectionable qualities) and can lead to discriminatory and potentially illegal behaviors

Answer 3

Public stigma

Question 4

occurs when stigmatized individuals agree with and internalize negative stereotypes; the person believes that he or she is deviant or shamefully different

Answer 4

Self-stigma

Question 5

predominant social science theories used to study stigma

These theories continue to be relevant to the understanding of stigma, and recent modifications and critiques of these frameworks are presented in the text that follows.

Answer 5

labeling theory and normalization

Question 6

certain groups have sanctioned power to define or “label” what is and is not socially deviant

Answer 6

Labeling theory

Question 7

Examples of labeling theory

Answer 7

Government officials
Medical professionals

Question 8

a stigmatized person experiences three stages:

Answer 8

1) realization of stigma
2) development of coping skills
3) learning to “pass” or cover their disability and function in society

Question 9

based on the work of labeling theorists, yet it provides an alternative view that people who are typically disenfranchised in our society are excluded; in other words, what has become normal in society is to stigmatize and exclude.

intervention should focus on reducing elements that emphasize difference and create opportunities for social participation in naturally occurring groups and settings within the broader community

Answer 9

Normalization theory

Question 10

Application of normalization theory is apparent in the design of….

Answer 10

inclusive environments in which program and environmental designs that emphasize difference (e.g., “special” buses, camps, and congregate housing) are replaced with supporting interventions that emphasize opportunities for social role development. Other stigma theories

Question 11

Normalization theory includes groups such as

Answer 11

Minority Group Perspective, Rite of Passage Theory, and the Modified Labeling Theory

Question 12

Family members and friends of the person with the stigmatized condition may also feel the devaluation of being stigmatized.

Answer 12

Stigma by association

Question 13

occurs when society and societal institutions operate in ways that weave inequities and injustices into their laws, policies, or practices

Answer 13

structural stigma

Question 14

refers to the effect of the problem in terms of financial costs, morbidity, mortality, and overall years lost because of the disease

Answer 14

Disease burden

Question 15

What public perceptions of ppl w/ mental illness that may deter help-seeking?

Answer 15

Negative attitudes and beliefs held by the public toward people with mental illness (public stigma)

Question 16

Negative attitudes and beliefs about people with mental illness often lead to overt, negative stigmatizing responses including discrimination. For example, stigma can be demonstrated through….

Answer 16

Social distance

Question 17

measure of how willing a person is to exclude those with mental illness in various social situations (e.g., not wanting the person to be a neighbor or marry into one’s family, or not wanting to work closely with someone with such an illness) coping, discrimination, and disclosure

Answer 17

Social distance

Question 18

T/F: Although stigma may be a universal phenomenon, there is diversity in the ways that stigma is exhibited and experienced across different cultures and contexts.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

cultural aspects of what matters most include “saving face” (avoiding humiliation) and preserving the family lineage. A person whose mental illness threatened his or her ability to effectively engage in interactions that could lead to marriage proposals to ensure the family lineage could be perpetuated would experience increased stigma because of this perceived deficit.

Answer 19

Stigmas of Chinese-American communities

Question 20

three key attributes of family stigma:

Answer 20

unusualness
Threat
Contamination

Question 21

unusualness of family stigma result in

Answer 21

negative perceptions, attitudes, and avoidant behavior toward a family

Question 22

second attribute influencing family stigma

Answer 22

when others believe the family poses a danger or threat of being potentially harmful to the health and well-being of others.

Question 23

Stigma of contamination within the family

Answer 23

When families are perceived as contaminated, every family member is viewed as dangerous, harmful, or unhealthy. These beliefs have the ability to create as negative an effect for the family as they do for the person with the mental illness.

Question 24

Measuring the degree of stigmatization or the level of impact of stigma on an individual’s life can help….

Answer 24

both the stigmatized person and the occupational therapy practitioner better understand the impact of stigma and the individual’s response to stigma.

Question 25

self-report tool is used to help people with mental illness assess dysfunctional beliefs about themselves, including the degree to which they are aware of or agree with common stereotypes

composed of four subscales: stereotype awareness, stereotype agreement, naming self-concurrence, and self-esteem decrement.

Answer 25

The Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (SSMIS)

Question 26

developed to examine the subjective experience of stigma for people with mental illnesses

self-report tool that contains 5 subscales: naming alienation, social withdrawal, stereotype endorsement, discrimination experience, and stigma resistance

Answer 26

The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI)

Question 27

Educational interventions focus on educating individuals about mental illness

Social contact interventions are built around the concept that personal contact can reduce stigma.

Advocacy interventions include approaches that raise consciousness about mental illness, efforts to decrease negative attitudes and stigmatizing representations of people with mental illness, policy-focused strategies, and protests.

Answer 27

Types of Anti-Stigma Interventions

Question 28

derivative of social justice, refers to the right of every individual to have access to, and the ability to engage in, the variety of occupations necessary to support health and wellness can impede occupational justice, including the chronic stress of self-deprecation, which in turn reduces self-determination and full participation in community life.

Answer 28

Occupational justice

Question 29

three main social concepts of importance to occupational therapy practitioners employing a universalism approach as

Answer 29

marginality, exclusion, and disaffiliation

Question 30

refers to individuals experiencing a lack of integration with cultural experiences and norms

Answer 30

Marginality

Question 31

once defined in terms of banishment, confinement, or social control, now also includes those whose access to occupations is restricted by society because of their diagnosis or symptoms

Answer 31

Exclusion

Question 32

refers to those whose circumstances have devolved to such a level of disruption that they are viewed as “other” (e.g., street people or the homeless)

Answer 32

Disaffiliation

Question 33

Socially accepted occupations

Answer 33

Sanctioned occupations

Question 34

Occupations considered socially deviant from the norm

Answer 34

unsanctioned occupations

Question 35

universal phenomenon that can have significantly debilitating effects on people with mental illness, their families, and significant others

consistent feature in the social environment and can have a profound, negative impact on the recovery of persons with mental illness

can be understood in terms of public stigma, self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma; each type of stigma warrants a different intervention approach

Answer 35

Stigma

Question 36

can help practitioners address the impact of stigma through interventions

Answer 36

Adequate assessment of level of stigmatization

Question 37

consistent with our profession’s emphasis on occupational justice

Answer 37

Anti-stigma efforts

Question 38

Public stigma can be what two things?

Answer 38

Interpersonal
Societal-level conditions

Question 39

Example of interpersonal public stigma

Answer 39

Social cues
Communication

Question 40

Example of societal-level conditions of public stigma

Answer 40

Cancel culture
Public shame
Word of mouth

Question 41

Examples of self-stigma

Answer 41

Wt
Color
Emotion
Hair
Infertility
HIV/AIDS

Question 42

This theory emphasizes the need of the person w/ the disability to change and “fit in” rather than requiring society to accept such differences as part of human diversity.

Answer 42

Normalization theory

Question 43

Minority group perspective

Answer 43

a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

Question 44

Rite of passage theory

Answer 44

introduces a structural model for resolving the problem of disrupted sequence of life experiences.

Question 45

Modified labeling theory

Answer 45

begins with the idea that there are shared cultural beliefs (analogous to status beliefs in SCT) that mentally ill people are devalued and rejected that are learned by members of a culture as part of their socialization

Question 46

Pryor and readers model of stigma

Answer 46

Structural stigma, stigma by association, and self stigma surround public stigma

Question 47

Interventions to reduce self-stigma

Answer 47

Narrate enhancement and cognitive therapy (NECT)

Question 48

Example of marginality

Answer 48

Special education

Question 49

Example of exclusion

Answer 49

Field of dreams?

Question 50

Example of sanctioned occupations

Answer 50

Dressing, cleaning, cooking

Question 51

Unsanctioned occupation as example

Answer 51

Public intoxication, homelessness, public indecency

Question 52

Gender dysphoria

Answer 52

general descriptive term refers to an individual’s affective/ cognitive discontent with the assigned gender but is more specifically defined when used as a diagnostic category