Final Flashcards
Orientation is related to and includes
Time
Person
Place
Situation
Psychosis is
a detachment from reality; it is not a disease–it’s a symptom
EBP includes
Pt preference
Clinical/practitioner expertise
Available clinical research
Delusion
Something that is falsely believed; fixed false conviction; a common symptom in mental health conditions
Distress
Extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain; significant difficulty; state of being in great trouble
Dysfunction
Abnormality or impairment in function; unhealthy interpersonal behavior/interaction
Hallucination
False perceptions; sensory based experiences that appear real but are created by your mind
Affect
Outward expression of emotion; feeling being displayed to others through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture, voice characteristics, or other physical manifestations
Positive symptoms
Symptoms in excess OT “added” to normal mental functioning; hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking
Negative symptoms
Symptoms dismissing brains ability to respond/behave in particular ways; anhedonia, apathy, alogia, flat affect
The absence of adequate caregiving during childhood is
Social neglect
Children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder typically have the inability to consistently connect with their parent/caregiver. Common signs include
watching others closely but not engaging socially
refusing to make eye contact
detached and unresponsive; impulsive, destructive negative behaviors
T/F: In post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the symptoms must occur AFTER the exposure.
True
T/F: With neurodevelopmental disorders, there is usually a wide range of developmental deficits and many of these conditions co-occur with others.
True
T/F: Females are less likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders than men.
False
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymia), disruptive mood dysregulation, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are all
Depressive disorders
Depressed individuals typically exhibit which of the following symptoms?
Behavioral, Cognitive, and Physical symptoms
Mania involves
Endless energy
Lots of ideas
Euphoria
T/F: Skin picking (excoriation) may be accompanied by a range of behaviors or rituals involving skin or scabs. The individual may examine, play with, or mouth or swallow the skin after it has been pulled. The condition coincides with or follows the onset of puberty. The disorder frequently begins with a dermatological condition such as acne.
True
This condition involves the preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance. At some point, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors (mirror checks, excessive grooming, skin picking, etc.) or mental acts (comparing their appearance with that of others) in response to the appearance concerns. A related condition involves preoccupation with body build; we watched a clip on bigorexia in class. This primary condition is
Body dysmorphic disorder
Explain the relationship between DISABILITY, DYSFUNCTION and DISTRESS in mental health.
Occupational therapists work with mental health patients to target their treatment surrounding disability, dysfunction, and distress. As a clinician we cannot choose to focus on one without recognizing and considering the distress and dysfunction that accompanies disabilities within those struggling with their mental health. Being aware of signs and symptoms of mental health conditions is vital in treating the patient in a holistic manner and for a patients overall safety.
What are the fundamental differences between ENURESIS and ENCOPRESIS? Name the category that these two conditions fall in within the DSM-5.
Enuresis: drips
Encopresis: drops
When considering the diagnostic categories of the DSM-5, there is a relationship that exists across three conditions that we discussed this semester. Please use the picture to help you discuss the nature of the relationship of these 3 conditions (based on genetics, family history, and symptoms). Name each of the three below.
Bipolar and related disorders in the middle, is a bridge b/w other groups
Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders on one side, depressive disorders on the other side.
This condition is a neurological and developmental disorder; in the DSM-5 it is categorized with the neurodevelopmental disorders. People with this condition may have difficulties with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. Which condition is this?
ASD
Which symptoms are commonly reported/seen in individuals with somatic disorders?
Stomach pain, headaches, fatigue
Janice was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia with negative (-) symptoms. In planning for your tx session, what do you anticipate as a problem area/deficit?
Motivation for activities
These two D’s are most frequently cited as factors that bring individuals forward for diagnosis/treatment of a condition/disorder in mental health.
Distress and Dysfunction
Describe the PEO model. Discuss the relevance of this model to this particular course, OTD 6432 (Lifespan: Mental Health).
The PEO model is a model focusing on the Person, Environment , and Occupation. However, within this course, the PEO is heavily involved when treating individual with mental health conditions. The PEO is a transactional model that focuses of Time and Space. Meaning that its approach to mental health conditions and treatment is catered to the whole person, the whole diagnosis, the whole identity of the patient, and their needs.
Anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders were a few of the conditions presented this semester. While these conditions might be more familiar to many, consider the lesser known feeding and eating disorders such as pica, rumination disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Select one of these and discuss/describe the condition and the potential impact; explain the functional consequences of your selected condition.
Pica is a disorder in which people choose to eat non-food objects. An example being dirt. The potential impact this disorder can have can range from a social impact to a personal health impact. people may not want to be around someone that chooses to eat bizarre things. There is always the potential of eating something harmful as well. Functional consequences for this disorder include bowel obstructions, decreased social function, infection/illness, and more.
In class, a condition that is not classified in the DSM-5 was referenced during the feeding and eating disorder lecture. This condition is a genetic condition caused by an error in one or more genes (in the region of chromosome 15). A key feature of this syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins around age 2; these individuals never feel full and usually have trouble controlling their weight. What is this condition?
Prader - willi syndrome
Describe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). How could OT for ADHD based on your understanding of OT and the symptoms that surround this particular condition?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves inattention, disorganization, and hyper-activity. OT could help those with ADHD with basic life skills such as time management, social skills, function, and routines.
Characterized by problems in self-control of emotions and behaviors.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Oppositional Defiant Disorder types
Angry/irritable mood
Argumentative/defiant
Vindictiveness
Severity levels of ODD
Mild 1 setting
Mod 2 settings
Severe 3 settings
Repetitive/persistent behavior that violates basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules
Conduct disorder
Severity levels of CD
Mild - lying
Mod - stealing
Severe - physical
closely connected to the spectrum of “externalizing” conduct disorders.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence into adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.
Personality Disorders
Cluster A - weird
Paranoid - distrust
Schizoid - detachment
Schizotypal - distortions
Cluster B - wacky
Antisocial - disregard
Borderline - instability
Histrionic - emotional and attention seeking
Narcissistic - grandiosity, admiration, lack of empathy
Cluster C - worry
Avoidant - distrust
Dependent - clingy
Obsessive-compulsive - perfection
10 substance classes
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Cannabis
- Hallucinogens
- Inhalants
- Opioids
- Sedatives
- Stimulants
- Tobacco
- Other (or unknown)
Extrapyramidal Effects
Abnormal movement patterns
Nonmotor Effects
Sedation, anti-cholinergic, orthostatic hypotension, light sensitivity, metabolic side effects
-azine
Antipsychotic drugs
the 1st of modern antipsychotic drug
Thorazine
SSRI
Serotonin
An older group of antidepressants drugs that are prescribed less frequently than others (Often prescribed for pt who does not respond to other antidepressants)
MAOI
Side effects of MAOI
tyramine = “cheesing effect”
Lithium ISSUE
NOT metabolized
Why do we need to be aware of side effects?
To facilitate treatment, occupational performance, and participation of clients.
An acquired syndrome that results from a disease or disorder of the brain that affects cognition, or thinking, and memory. It disrupts perception, information processing, problem solving, judgment, sequencing of tasks, recognition and naming objects, mood and affect.
Dementia
disturbance in attention that develops over a short time, a change from the person’s normal state, and fluctuation over time
Delirium
significant cognitive decline
Major Neurocognitive Disorders (Major NCD)
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Mild NCD)
Modest cognitive decline
caused by strep infection
PANDAs
HR increases, but BP stays the same
POTs
selective eating disorder
AFRID
detailed rules for enforcing laws, including the responsibilities and constraints that constitute what it means to follow laws, and the process for monitoring enforcement
Regulations
activities by individuals or groups that influence the policies of government, including the “debate or conflict” between competing interests
Politics
mandated payment for inpatient care, outpatient therapy services, and skilled nursing programs, and neither program federally mandated payment for community-based services that supported daily living needs
Social Security Act (SSA)
provide a financial safety net for workers who become disabled and are unable to continue working.
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
the movement of people with psychiatric disabilities from large institutional settings to different, smaller institutional settings, such as nursing homes and group homes.
Transinstitutionalization
Provides health insurance for all people eligible for Social Security benefits over the age of 65 and to people under the age of 65 with disabilities.
Medicare
Designed to provide monetary income to citizens of the United States who are over age 65, blind, or disabled. SSI is an entitlement
Supplemental Security Income
national health insurance program for people with low income
Medicaid
Food and Nutrition Policies
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Food Stamp Act, Emergency Food Assistance Program (TE- FAP)
Low Income Housing Policy
Housing Act of 1937 = Section 8 Housing, Shelter Plus Care, supported housing
addresses this discrimination by mandating that out-of-pocket costs and access to treatment be equal for mental health, substance abuse, and physical health conditions
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA)
improve personal experience of health of population and reduce expense
Triple AIM
requires affirmative action in hiring people with disabilities by agencies and contractors that receive any form of federal funding, which includes schools, universities, and public transportation
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
negative attitudes and a behavioral chain that begins by applying a stigmatizing mark to a person, progresses through the attitude structures, and results in discrimination
Stigma
derivative of social justice, refers to the right of every individual to have access to, and the ability to engage in, the variety of occupations necessary to support health and wellness
Occupational justice
individuals experiencing a lack of integration with cultural experiences and norms.
Marginality
once defined in terms of banishment, confinement, or social control; now also includes those whose access to occupations is restricted by society because of their diagnosis or symptoms
Exclusion
No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
Civil Rights Act 1964
People with disabilities could no longer be denied access to jobs, schools and transportation.
Americans with Disabilities Act
requires hospitals with emergency departments to provide a medical screening examination to any individual who comes to the emergency department and requests such an examination, and prohibits hospitals with emergency departments from refusing to examine or treat
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)
federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient’s consent or knowledge.
HIPAA
federal law that affords parents the right to have access to their children’s education records, the right to seek to have the records amended, and the right to have some control over the disclosure of personally identifiable information from education
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
provides workers’ compensation coverage for employment-related injuries and occupational diseases. Benefits include wage replacement, payment for medical care, and where necessary, medical and vocational rehabilitation assistance in returning to work and survivor benefits.
The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA)
extend and revise the authorization of grants to states for vocational rehabilitation services, with special emphasis on services to individuals with the most severe disabilities
The Rehabilitation Act replaces the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
an act to provide federal funding for community mental health centers and research facilities devoted to the causes and treatment of mental retardation.
Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963
prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, in programs receiving federal financial assistance, in federal employment and in the employment practices of federal contractors
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
national law that protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability
Section 504
provided that large group health plans cannot impose annual or lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits that are less favorable than any such limits imposed on medical/surgical benefits
Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) of 1996
public entities must provide community-based services to persons with disabilities
Olmstead Decision
help children (and eventually all Americans) with pre-existing conditions gain coverage and keep it, protect all Americans’ choice of doctors, and end lifetime limits on the care consumers may receive
Patient Bill of Rights
potentially traumatic events that may include physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; parental divorce; domestic violence; and the incarceration of a parent
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)
developed with the family, and services should be family centered, coordinated, and occur within the child’s natural environment.
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)
early signs of dysfunction begin to appear but diagnostic criteria for a psychotic disorder are not yet met
Prodrome
isolation, powerlessness, frustration, estrangement from society or self because of engagement in occupation doesn’t satisfy inner needs
Occupational Alienation
segregation of groups through restriction of denial of access to dignified and meaningful participation in occupations
Occupational Apartheid
Deprivation of occupational choice and diversity because of circumstances beyond the control of individuals or communities
Occupational Deprivation
Deliberate manipulation of environments to facilitate and support engagement in a range of occupations congruent with those that the individual might normally perform
Occupational Enrichment
person is a danger to themselves or others, deemed incapable of taking care of their basic needs to maintain health and safety, or they have been accused of committing a crime but is not competent to stand trial because of psychiatric disability
Involuntary commitment/confinement
when the state can legally order a person detained against their will on average 3-5 days while a hearing is convened to evaluate whether there is probable cause to hold the individual
Emergency hospitalization
less restrictive, court-ordered mechanism that requires a person to submit to outpatient services
Involuntary outpatient commitment
people who voluntarily present for treatment; they agree to stay as long as treatment is deemed necessary, and may sign out at any time unless the mental health providers determine the admission status be changed to involuntary
Voluntary admissions
a philosophy of care with guiding principles rooted in providing community care that is needs driven, culturally intelligent, trauma informed, unconditional and creative.
Wraparound
Dimensions of Occupation
Space and Place
Temporality
Habits, Routines, and Occupational Engagement
Doing, Being, Belonging, and Becoming
The Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE)
Psychiatric assessment
ACL
Measures cognition
MOHOST
Measures performance patterns
TOGGS
Locating items in grocery store
BDI-FS
Depression
Milwaukee
Behavior and ADL
OCAIRS
Perception of occupational performance for INCARCERATED
Weekly calendar planning activity
Attention, memory, cognition, executive func
MoCA
Mild cognitive impairments
beck anxiety inventory
Anxiety
Stress management questionnaire
Stress
COPM
Self-care, productivity, leisure performance
KTA
Cooking tasks
MMSE
Cognition
Adult sensory profile
Sensory processing
COTE
Measures strengths and difficulties in general, interpersonal, and task behaviors
KELS
Level of assistance needed
