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Y2: PS2001 > Stats 1 > Flashcards

Stats 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the standard deviation

A

mesure variabilty in data

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2
Q

what is z score

A

used for comparing a range of measurements

express how many sd units away from the mean a point in normal curve is

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3
Q

what is central limit theorem

A

distribution of all sample means will approach normal distribution
whilst individual sample means may deviate from the population mean,the mean of all sample means will equal the population mean
as the sample size increases, SD of sampling distribution decreases

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4
Q

what is the standard error of the mean

A

a statistic that represents the standard deviation of the sampling distribution

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5
Q

what does standard error represent

A

how confident we can be that our sample mean represents the population mean

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6
Q

what is population mean

A

mean of the sample means

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7
Q

what is type I error

A

rejecting null hypothesis when its true

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8
Q

what is type II error

A

accepting null hypothesis when its false

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9
Q

how does a small sample differ from normal sample on graph

A

pointier around mean

fatter around extreme

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10
Q

what determines df

A

shap of graph

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11
Q

how do we measure homogeneity of variance

A

examine sds

levenes test

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12
Q

what is the non parametric alternative for single sample t test and independent samples t test

A

wilcoxon signed ranks

mann-whitney u-test

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13
Q

what does a conservative alpha rate do

A

raises the chance of type II errror

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14
Q

how is familywise error corrected

A

using bonferroni method

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15
Q

what are two problems with multiple comparisons

A

computationally inefficient

increases overall probability of type 1 error

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16
Q

what is familywise error

A

the probability of making one or more false discoveries, or type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests

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17
Q

what is ANOVA

A

a stat test designed for factors with more than two levels that is computationally efficient
does not compromise type I error

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18
Q

what is between groups variance

A

the deviations of the group means from grand overall mean

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19
Q

describe the trend of between groups variance

A

the greater the group means differ from the grand mean, the bigger this will be

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20
Q

what is within groups(error)variance

A

the deviation within each group from each group mean

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21
Q

describe the trend of within groups (error) variance

A

the more scores within each vary from each other, the bigger this will be

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22
Q

what should between groups variance consist of

A

any treatment or condition effect plus measurement error

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23
Q

what should within groups (error) variance consist of

A

should consist only of measurement error

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24
Q

what does between groups vdf relate to

A

number of conditions

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25
Q

what does within groups(error) df relate to

A

participants per condition

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26
Q

what does the shape of f distribution depend on

A

2 dfs

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27
Q

what is degrees of freedom

A

the number of values in the calculation of each mean that free to vary

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28
Q

how do we calculate between groups df

A

nc-1

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29
Q

how do we calculare within groups (error) df for nk equal and nk varies

A

nc(nk-1)

N-nc

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30
Q

how is f distribution determines

A

by its two degrees of freedom

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31
Q

when is an f value significant

A

if it exceeds critical value(the value below which 95% of distribution lies)

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32
Q

how do we determine the distribution

A

examine histograms

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33
Q

what is between subjects ANOVA

A

compare different groups to determine whether any of the groups are significantly different from each other
ANOVA equivalent of independent samples t-test

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34
Q

what is nonparametric alternative for between subjects ANOVA

A

kruskal-wallis test

35
Q

how do we calculate between subjects ANOVA

A

sums of squares
calculate dfs
mean squares
test statistic

36
Q

what is within subjects ANOVA

A

compares different observations from the same group to determine whether any of the sets of observations are significantly different
equivalent to paired samples t test

37
Q

what is non-parametric alternative to within subjects ANOVA

A

friedman test

38
Q

what is an additional assumption for within subjects ANOVA

A

sphericity

39
Q

what is sphericity

A

the variances of the differences between conditions should be equal

40
Q

how is sphericity measured

A

mauchlys sphericity test

41
Q

what are pairwise comparisons

A

tell us there is a difference between some of the conditions

42
Q

how do we follow up for specific hypotheses

A

planned or priori contrasts

43
Q

how do we follow up for no specific hypotheses

A

post hoc tests

44
Q

what is planned contrasts

A

compare only those conditions which you have hypotheses using t tests

45
Q

how does bonferroni correction work

A

divide the alpha by the number of comparisons you are making

46
Q

what are post hoc tests

A

compare all cases using an accepted post hoc using tukeys HSD

47
Q

describe post hoc tests and family wise error

A

do best to control it without making alpha so conservative that significance is missed

48
Q

compare bonferroni and tukeys

A

b = most conservative

49
Q

what are general naming conventions

A

a design with x factors is an x-way design

50
Q

what are specific naming conventions

A

each level in IV listed 3x3x4

51
Q

why are complex designs unusual

A

complicated to interpret
between subjects; require large number of participants
within subjects; take too long per participant

52
Q

when are factorial designs needed

A

more than one IV independently affects DV

when more than one IV combine to affect a DV

53
Q

how are IV independently affecting DV determines

A

looking at ANOVA main effects

54
Q

how are IV combined to affect DV determined

A

looking at ANOVA interaction effects

55
Q

what are the main effects

A

most straightforward results within a factorial design

56
Q

what do main effects represent

A

how one iV irrespective to the others affects the DV

57
Q

what are main effects based on

A

summary data at the level of individual IVS(margiginal means)

58
Q

how do you read a 2x2 chart to determine main effects are present

A

look at marginal means

if they are identical, no main effecr

59
Q

what is problem with main effects

A

can be misleading

60
Q

what are interactions

A

more complex results within a factorial design

61
Q

what do interactions represent

A

how two or more IVs combine to affect DV

62
Q

how do we know if there is an interaction

A

lines are crooked

63
Q

what happens if we have an interaction

A

the effects of one IV are dependent on the state of the other IV

64
Q

how do we measure covariance

A

sphericity

65
Q

how many f values do factorial anovas have

A

3

66
Q

how do you calculate the mean in excel

A

=AVERAGE()

67
Q

how do you calculate SD in excel

A

=STDEV()

68
Q

how do you calculate variance in excel

A

=POWER(A,2)

69
Q

how do you compute descriptive statistics in SPSS

A

analyse
descriptive statistics
descriptives

70
Q

how do you calculate a t test in excel

A

+TTEST(array1, array2, tails, type)

71
Q

what is assumed if levenes is significant

A

unequal variances

72
Q

how do we count the number of boxes in excel

A

=COUNT

73
Q

how do we calculate the f value in excel

A

=F.INV

74
Q

what do we calculate for a between subjects ANOVA in SPSS

A

univariate

75
Q

what is the kruskal wallis test

A

compares the sums of groups ranks

76
Q

how do we know if kruskal wallis test is significant

A

one groups summed ranks value is much higher than the other groups

77
Q

what is friedman test

A

compares the sums of treatment conditions ranks

78
Q

what do between subjects data always require in SPSS

A

coding variables

79
Q

what do we always want from levenes and mauchlys tests if we are to assume with our tests

A

not significant

80
Q

how do we report a significance of .000

A

.001

81
Q

how do we find means for factorial ANOVA

A

looking at marginal means table

82
Q

what does bonferroni correction do for familywise error

A

keeps it at 0.05 level of significance

83
Q

which row in an SPSS table to do we look at if a mauchlys test is not significant or not available

A

sphericity assumed

84
Q

what row in a SPSS table do we look at if mauchlys is significatn

A

greenhouse geisser

Y2: PS2001 (35 decks)

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