Neurodegeneration Flashcards
what is the cause of parkinsons
loss of dopamine neurons in midbrain- its relatovely common
what are 5 sysmptoms of parkinsons
mescle rigidity, akinesia(initiating movement), bradykineasia (slowness of movement), resting tremor and cognitive deficits
what is the two pathologies behind parkinsons
loss of substantia nigra pars compacta
presence of lewy bodies
two points about lewy bodies
in cytoplasm of neurons
an index of neurodegeneration
what are two drug therapies for parkinsons
l-dopa (dopamine precursor)and dopamine agonsits (increase dopamine activity)
what are 3 treatments for parkinsons
replacing lost dopamine cells- stem cells
surgery- lesions
deep brain stimulation
what is deep brain stimulation
high frequency electrical stimulation delivered via surgically implanted electrode
how does deep brain stimulation work?
stimulates or produces depolarisation blockade
what is the characteristics of alzheimers
general cognitive decline - deficits in memory, attention, language etc
how does alzheimers progress
starts with degeneration in entorhinal cortex but damage spreads through the hippocampus, neocortex and into modulatory systems in midbrain and pons
what are 4 biological markers of alzheimers
extracellular plaques made from accumulation of mino acid bet-amyloid peptide
intracellular accumulation of neurofirillary tangles made from hyper phophorylated Tau
production of AB from B-amyloid precursor protien
accummulation of AB
what is the cause of huntintings
single gene on chromosome 4 which cause production og huntingtin
what does huntingtons affect
basal ganglia
what is amytrophic lateral sclerosis and what does it cause
motor neuron disease
progressive disorder which attacks spinal and cranial nerve
is there any treatments for motor neurons
no
what is multiple sclerosis
autoimmune demyelination disease
what damage does multiple sclerosis cause
in white matter located throughout the brain and spinal chord resulting in a variety of disorders
what are three types of tumours
gliomas, meningiomas, angiomas
what causes a tumour
uncontrolled and non functional cell division
how are tumours treated
with surgery or focused radiation
which tumours are bening
meningioma- theyre enclosed within a membrane nad easy to remove
what is a hemorrhagic stroke
burst blood vessel
what is an obstructive stroke
blood vessel blocked
what are two types of strokes
hemorrhagic and obstructive
what are 4 ways strokes cause damage
fast depletion of oxygen and glucose
ion transporters disrupted and cells become depolarised
glutamate is produced producing excitation and cells die
damaged mitchondria and free radicals
