Neurodegeneration

Question 1

what is the cause of parkinsons

Answer 1

loss of dopamine neurons in midbrain- its relatovely common

Question 2

what are 5 sysmptoms of parkinsons

Answer 2

mescle rigidity, akinesia(initiating movement), bradykineasia (slowness of movement), resting tremor and cognitive deficits

Question 3

what is the two pathologies behind parkinsons

Answer 3

loss of substantia nigra pars compacta

presence of lewy bodies

Question 4

two points about lewy bodies

Answer 4

in cytoplasm of neurons

an index of neurodegeneration

Question 5

what are two drug therapies for parkinsons

Answer 5

l-dopa (dopamine precursor)and dopamine agonsits (increase dopamine activity)

Question 6

what are 3 treatments for parkinsons

Answer 6

replacing lost dopamine cells- stem cells
surgery- lesions
deep brain stimulation

Question 7

what is deep brain stimulation

Answer 7

high frequency electrical stimulation delivered via surgically implanted electrode

Question 8

how does deep brain stimulation work?

Answer 8

stimulates or produces depolarisation blockade

Question 9

what is the characteristics of alzheimers

Answer 9

general cognitive decline - deficits in memory, attention, language etc

Question 10

how does alzheimers progress

Answer 10

starts with degeneration in entorhinal cortex but damage spreads through the hippocampus, neocortex and into modulatory systems in midbrain and pons

Question 11

what are 4 biological markers of alzheimers

Answer 11

extracellular plaques made from accumulation of mino acid bet-amyloid peptide
intracellular accumulation of neurofirillary tangles made from hyper phophorylated Tau
production of AB from B-amyloid precursor protien
accummulation of AB

Question 12

what is the cause of huntintings

Answer 12

single gene on chromosome 4 which cause production og huntingtin

Question 13

what does huntingtons affect

Answer 13

basal ganglia

Question 14

what is amytrophic lateral sclerosis and what does it cause

Answer 14

motor neuron disease

progressive disorder which attacks spinal and cranial nerve

Question 15

is there any treatments for motor neurons

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 16

autoimmune demyelination disease

Question 17

what damage does multiple sclerosis cause

Answer 17

in white matter located throughout the brain and spinal chord resulting in a variety of disorders

Question 18

what are three types of tumours

Answer 18

gliomas, meningiomas, angiomas

Question 19

what causes a tumour

Answer 19

uncontrolled and non functional cell division

Question 20

how are tumours treated

Answer 20

with surgery or focused radiation

Question 21

which tumours are bening

Answer 21

meningioma- theyre enclosed within a membrane nad easy to remove

Question 22

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 22

burst blood vessel

Question 23

what is an obstructive stroke

Answer 23

blood vessel blocked

Question 24

what are two types of strokes

Answer 24

hemorrhagic and obstructive

Question 25

what are 4 ways strokes cause damage

Answer 25

fast depletion of oxygen and glucose
ion transporters disrupted and cells become depolarised
glutamate is produced producing excitation and cells die
damaged mitchondria and free radicals